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Further Education and Training in ICT: Inequalities among European Workers before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak

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Title: Further Education and Training in ICT: Inequalities among European Workers before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak
Language: English
Authors: Martin Lakomý (ORCID 0000-0003-4625-4463), Jakub Šácha (ORCID 0000-0002-2397-4428), Patrik Stopka
Source: International Journal of Training and Development. 2026 30(3):245-257.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Adult Education
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Adult Education, Information Technology, Labor Force Development, Labor Market, Pandemics, COVID-19, Age Groups, Entry Workers, Older Workers
Geographic Terms: Europe
DOI: 10.1111/ijtd.70020
ISSN: 1360-3736
1468-2419
Abstract: Further education and training (FET) should form a foundation for increasingly dynamic and digital European economies. Policies aim to support ongoing workforce development and retain as many individuals as possible in the labour market. However, limited existing evidence supports the Matthew effect in this area--FET tends to be more accessible for workers with higher qualifications in better jobs. This study uses data from the EU Labour Force Survey and examines the relationship between individual and job characteristics with FET, as well as its shift during the COVID-19 outbreak. The findings confirm that FET is more common among younger and middle-aged workers, those in higher-level positions, workers in larger companies, and those not working under a supervisor. Some of these patterns changed with the onset of the pandemic, notably the link between FET in ICT and higher education becoming stronger. This study identifies several robust factors that influence participation in FET, serving as a foundation for policies that aim to provide accessible, targeted FET opportunities for groups at risk of exclusion in a digitalised labour market.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1513946
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Further Education and Training in ICT: Inequalities among European Workers before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Martin+Lakomý%22">Martin Lakomý</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4625-4463">0000-0003-4625-4463</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jakub+Šácha%22">Jakub Šácha</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2397-4428">0000-0002-2397-4428</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Patrik+Stopka%22">Patrik Stopka</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22International+Journal+of+Training+and+Development%22"><i>International Journal of Training and Development</i></searchLink>. 2026 30(3):245-257.
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adult+Education%22">Adult Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Information+Technology%22">Information Technology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Labor+Force+Development%22">Labor Force Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Labor+Market%22">Labor Market</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pandemics%22">Pandemics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COVID-19%22">COVID-19</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Age+Groups%22">Age Groups</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Entry+Workers%22">Entry Workers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Older+Workers%22">Older Workers</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Europe%22">Europe</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1111/ijtd.70020
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  Data: 1360-3736<br />1468-2419
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Further education and training (FET) should form a foundation for increasingly dynamic and digital European economies. Policies aim to support ongoing workforce development and retain as many individuals as possible in the labour market. However, limited existing evidence supports the Matthew effect in this area--FET tends to be more accessible for workers with higher qualifications in better jobs. This study uses data from the EU Labour Force Survey and examines the relationship between individual and job characteristics with FET, as well as its shift during the COVID-19 outbreak. The findings confirm that FET is more common among younger and middle-aged workers, those in higher-level positions, workers in larger companies, and those not working under a supervisor. Some of these patterns changed with the onset of the pandemic, notably the link between FET in ICT and higher education becoming stronger. This study identifies several robust factors that influence participation in FET, serving as a foundation for policies that aim to provide accessible, targeted FET opportunities for groups at risk of exclusion in a digitalised labour market.
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  Data: 2026
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        Value: 10.1111/ijtd.70020
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 245
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adult Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Information Technology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Labor Force Development
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      – SubjectFull: Labor Market
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      – SubjectFull: Pandemics
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      – SubjectFull: COVID-19
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Age Groups
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      – SubjectFull: Entry Workers
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      – SubjectFull: Older Workers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Europe
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Further Education and Training in ICT: Inequalities among European Workers before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
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              Y: 2026
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