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The Effect of ChatGPT Usage on Foreign Language Enjoyment: The Mediating Role of Learning Effort and the Moderating Effect of Artificial Intelligence Anxiety

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Title: The Effect of ChatGPT Usage on Foreign Language Enjoyment: The Mediating Role of Learning Effort and the Moderating Effect of Artificial Intelligence Anxiety
Language: English
Authors: Gülten Feryal Gündüz (ORCID 0000-0001-8096-5598), Kerim Ünal (ORCID 0000-0003-2005-851X), Cem Özışık (ORCID 0000-0003-2740-6126)
Source: Language Teaching Research Quarterly. 2026 54:362-384.
Availability: European Knowledge Development (EUROKD). e-mail: editorial@eurokd.com; Web site: https://www.eurokd.com/journal/jd/1
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 23
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, Second Language Learning, Anxiety, Undergraduate Students, English (Second Language), Psychological Patterns, Student Behavior, Predictor Variables, Learner Engagement, Foreign Countries, Correlation
Geographic Terms: Turkey
ISSN: 2667-6753
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of ChatGPT usage on foreign language learning enjoyment (FLE), the mediating role of foreign language learning effort (FLLE), and the moderating function of AI anxiety. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model, Self-Determination Theory, and the Stimulus-Organism-Response framework, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with 880 undergraduate learners in English preparatory programs at three Turkish universities. PLS-SEM with 5,000-resample bootstrapping was used for hypothesis testing. Results showed that ChatGPT usage significantly predicted both FLE and FLLE, with a stronger path to behavioral engagement than to emotional experience. FLLE partially mediated the ChatGPT-FLE relationship and explained approximately 42% of the total effect. Contrary to expectations, AI anxiety positively predicted FLE at the second-order level; however, factor-level analysis revealed that societal-concern factors drove this positive association while interaction-level factors negatively predicted it. AI anxiety moderated the ChatGPT-FLE relationship: the direct emotional benefit disappeared at high anxiety while the indirect pathway through effort remained significant. These findings pinpoint the centrality of purposeful task design and targeted anxiety reduction in AI-assisted FL learning.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 20260101
Accession Number: EJ1517660
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: The Effect of ChatGPT Usage on Foreign Language Enjoyment: The Mediating Role of Learning Effort and the Moderating Effect of Artificial Intelligence Anxiety
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gülten+Feryal+Gündüz%22">Gülten Feryal Gündüz</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-5598">0000-0001-8096-5598</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kerim+Ünal%22">Kerim Ünal</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2005-851X">0000-0003-2005-851X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cem+Özışık%22">Cem Özışık</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2740-6126">0000-0003-2740-6126</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Language+Teaching+Research+Quarterly%22"><i>Language Teaching Research Quarterly</i></searchLink>. 2026 54:362-384.
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  Data: European Knowledge Development (EUROKD). e-mail: editorial@eurokd.com; Web site: https://www.eurokd.com/journal/jd/1
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  Data: This study investigated the effects of ChatGPT usage on foreign language learning enjoyment (FLE), the mediating role of foreign language learning effort (FLLE), and the moderating function of AI anxiety. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model, Self-Determination Theory, and the Stimulus-Organism-Response framework, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with 880 undergraduate learners in English preparatory programs at three Turkish universities. PLS-SEM with 5,000-resample bootstrapping was used for hypothesis testing. Results showed that ChatGPT usage significantly predicted both FLE and FLLE, with a stronger path to behavioral engagement than to emotional experience. FLLE partially mediated the ChatGPT-FLE relationship and explained approximately 42% of the total effect. Contrary to expectations, AI anxiety positively predicted FLE at the second-order level; however, factor-level analysis revealed that societal-concern factors drove this positive association while interaction-level factors negatively predicted it. AI anxiety moderated the ChatGPT-FLE relationship: the direct emotional benefit disappeared at high anxiety while the indirect pathway through effort remained significant. These findings pinpoint the centrality of purposeful task design and targeted anxiety reduction in AI-assisted FL learning.
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 362
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      – SubjectFull: Artificial Intelligence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Second Language Learning
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      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
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      – SubjectFull: English (Second Language)
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      – SubjectFull: Psychological Patterns
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      – SubjectFull: Student Behavior
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      – SubjectFull: Predictor Variables
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      – SubjectFull: Learner Engagement
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      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: Turkey
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