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Further Examination of Relationships Between Life Events and Psychiatric Symptoms in Adults with Intellectual Disability

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Title: Further Examination of Relationships Between Life Events and Psychiatric Symptoms in Adults with Intellectual Disability
Language: English
Authors: Hamilton, D., Sutherland, G., Iacono, T.
Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. Nov 2005 49(11):839-844.
Availability: Journal Customer Services, Blackwell Publishing, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. Tel: 800-835-6770 (Toll Free); Fax: 781-388-8232; e-mail: subscrip@bos.blackwellpublishing.com.
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 6
Publication Date: 2005
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Adult Education
Descriptors: Probability, Developmental Disabilities, Mental Retardation, Adults, Experience, Psychiatry, Symptoms (Individual Disorders), Mental Disorders
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00761.x
ISSN: 0964-2633
Abstract: Background: It has been proposed that people with intellectual disability (ID) might be similar to the general population in the way they respond to significant life events. Some preliminary findings have demonstrated that adults with ID who have experienced recent life events have an increased probability of having psychiatric problems. The aims of the present study were to determine whether previous findings can be replicated, and to examine the influence of additional diagnoses associated with ID on the strength of relationships between life event frequency and psychiatric problems. Methods: Adults with ID (n = 624), living either in staffed community accommodation or in family or foster homes, were assessed on the Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC-A) and a 37-item life events checklist. Carers who knew the person well acted as proxy informants. Results: People living in staffed accommodation experienced more life events than people living with natural or foster families. Life event frequency predicted DBC-A total score, five of six sub-scale scores, and caseness status, after significant demographic factors were taken into account. However, the strength of correlations between life event frequency and DBC-A total score varied among sub-groups identified by type of developmental disability and level of ID. Conclusions: Weak but significant associations between emotional and behavioural problems and life events experienced by adults with ID were demonstrated, but it was also shown that the strength of such associations varies among sub-groups of this heterogeneous population. Future research needs to take account of the circumstances surrounding the life changes, the period of time over which changes might have taken place, and the meaning that the person might attach to the changes. Research into the causal relationship between exposure to life events and the onset of psychiatric problems is also warranted.
Abstractor: Author
Number of References: 16
Entry Date: 2005
Accession Number: EJ723085
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0018473557;eul01nov.05;2019Jun04.10:27;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0018473557-1">Further examination of relationships between life events and psychiatric symptoms in adults with intellectual disability. </title> <p>Background  It has been proposed that people with intellectual disability (ID) might be similar to the general population in the way they respond to significant life events. Some preliminary findings have demonstrated that adults with ID who have experienced recent life events have an increased probability of having psychiatric problems. The aims of the present study were to determine whether previous findings can be replicated, and to examine the influence of additional diagnoses associated with ID on the strength of relationships between life event frequency and psychiatric problems. Methods  Adults with ID (n = 624), living either in staffed community accommodation or in family or foster homes, were assessed on the Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC‐A) and a 37‐item life events checklist. Carers who knew the person well acted as proxy informants. Results  People living in staffed accommodation experienced more life events than people living with natural or foster families. Life event frequency predicted DBC‐A total score, five of six sub‐scale scores, and caseness status, after significant demographic factors were taken into account. However, the strength of correlations between life event frequency and DBC‐A total score varied among sub‐groups identified by type of developmental disability and level of ID. Conclusions  Weak but significant associations between emotional and behavioural problems and life events experienced by adults with ID were demonstrated, but it was also shown that the strength of such associations varies among sub‐groups of this heterogeneous population. Future research needs to take account of the circumstances surrounding the life changes, the period of time over which changes might have taken place, and the meaning that the person might attach to the changes. Research into the causal relationship between exposure to life events and the onset of psychiatric problems is also warranted.</p> <p>Keywords: DBC‐A; intellectual disability; life events; life stress; adults</p> <p>Case reports and small‐group studies on the experience of trauma and the development of psychiatric problem in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) have appeared over the past decade ([<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref1">16</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref2">9</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref3">8</reflink>]). There have been few large‐group studies into the experience of life events and its effect on mental health and well‐being. Recently, [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref4">7</reflink>]) found that children with ID experience more frequent and a wider range of negative life events than children without a disability; that the experience is associated with the development of emotional disorder; and that the effect of life events appears to be cumulative. Hastings and colleagues have presented correlational data on life events and psychiatric symptoms in adults with ID. [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref5">6</reflink>]) examined 1155 adults in the North of England and found that affective disorder was predicted by chronological age, type of residence, and exposure to one or more life events in the previous 12 months. Younger adults and people living in residential institutions were at increased risk. Common life events included moving residence (16%), serious illness to a close relative or friend (9%), and serious problem with a close friend, neighbour or relative (9%).</p> <p>This research was extended by [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref6">13</reflink>]) who reported on a population of adults in a long‐stay residential institution. The participants had frequently been exposed to three or four life events in the previous 12 months. Life event exposure was associated with aggressive/destructive behaviour and increased risk of affective/neurotic disorder. Males were exposed to more frequent life events than females, as were participants with relatively high levels of adaptive behaviour. Common events experienced included change of staff in the residence (88%), minor physical illness (37%) and the inclusion of a new resident (36%).</p> <p>To date, much of the research in this area is based on aggregated data for whole research populations without reference to similarities and differences among sub‐groups. There is a tendency for research findings to be interpreted, if not reported, as if they apply to all people with ID. Reported associations between psychiatric problems and life event frequency have been, in general, statistically significant but relatively weak. This may indicate that there are factors other than event exposure which contribute far more to variations in emotional problems. Alternatively, it may suggest that the strength of this association varies among sub‐groups, in which case analyses which assume homogeneity in the characteristics of this population will hide differences among sub‐groups, and are unlikely to be helpful in determining implications for service provision. The lives of people with ID are often organized by significant others and it is important to gain a comprehensive understanding of possible relationships between life changes and emotional well‐being.</p> <p>The first purpose of the present study was to replicate the findings of [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref7">6</reflink>]) using an extended list of life events and an alternative measure of emotional and behavioural problems, with a focus on participants living in community settings. In the Hastings study, type of residential setting (institution or community) was potentially confounded with type of carer (family or staff), as participants in the community group were living either in family homes or group homes. The present study avoided this confound by including only participants living in the community, again either in staff supported accommodation or in a family setting. The second purpose of the study was to extend previous research by examining the strength of possible relationships between life event frequency and the occurrence of emotional and behavioural problems in sub‐groups of participants defined on the basis of level of ID (mild, moderate, or severe) and aetiology or associated condition (autism, Down syndrome, or cerebral palsy).</p> <hd id="AN0018473557-2">Method</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0018473557-3">Participants</hd> <p>The participants were 624 adults with ID. Participant chronological ages, type of residence, level of ID, and gender are provided in Table 1. Known additional diagnoses associated with developmental disability included Down syndrome (129 individuals), Autism (<reflink idref="bib95" id="ref8">95</reflink>), Cerebral palsy (<reflink idref="bib100" id="ref9">100</reflink>), and Fragile‐X (<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref10">7</reflink>). Substantial numbers of individuals were also reported to have additional disabilities that affected them to a moderate or significant extent: visual problems (<reflink idref="bib145" id="ref11">145</reflink>), hearing problems (<reflink idref="bib74" id="ref12">74</reflink>) and restricted physical mobility (<reflink idref="bib153" id="ref13">153</reflink>).</p> <p>1 Characteristics of participants (n = 624)</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th /><th><bold>Frequency</bold></th><th><bold>%</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>Gender</td></tr><tr><td> Male</td><td>336</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td> Female</td><td>288</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>ID level</td></tr><tr><td> Mild</td><td>150</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td> Moderate</td><td>312</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td> Severe</td><td>125</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td> Profound</td><td> 37</td><td> 6</td></tr><tr><td>Living situation</td></tr><tr><td> Family/foster home</td><td>287</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td> Staffed accommodation</td><td>337</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Age (years) (mean = 34.2, SD = 11.9, range = 18–76)</td></tr><tr><td> 18–25</td><td>181</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td> 26–35</td><td>187</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td> 36–45</td><td>150</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td> 46–55</td><td> 75</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td> 56–65</td><td> 25</td><td> 4</td></tr><tr><td> 66+</td><td>  6</td><td> 1</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <hd id="AN0018473557-4">Materials</hd> <p>Information on recent life events was gathered using a 37‐item checklist published as a component of a comprehensive health questionnaire, <emph>Life Quality and Health for Adults with Developmental Disabilities</emph> ([<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref14">12</reflink>]). Categories of life events included in the questionnaire were Family (4 items), Home (<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref15">13</reflink>), Work (<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref16">7</reflink>), Lifestyle (<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref17">9</reflink>), and Health (<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref18">4</reflink>). Residential staff members or family members acted as proxy respondents and reported on whether the person had experienced each life event in the past 2 years.</p> <p>Psychiatric data were provided by proxies through completion of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC‐A; [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref19">3</reflink>]), a 107‐item checklist of emotional and behavioural disturbance in adults with ID. The DBC‐A was adapted from the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC), originally designed for use with children and adolescents ([<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref20">2</reflink>]). Participants are rated as to whether they have experienced the emotion or displayed each behaviour described within the last 6 months on a 3‐point Likert Scale: 0 = not true; 1 = somewhat or sometimes true; 2 = very true or often true. Item scores were summed to derive either a total score, or scores for any of six sub‐scales: self‐absorption, disruption, anxiety, depression, communication disturbance, and problems in social relating. The DBC‐A was reported to have good reliability and validity with this population ([<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref21">11</reflink>]). A critical DBC‐A total score of 60 corresponds with specificity and sensitivity scores of 0.69 and 0.79 respectively, with regard to expert clinical judgement of psychiatric caseness.</p> <hd id="AN0018473557-5">Procedure</hd> <p>Questionnaires were sent to 34 day service and residential service providers in metropolitan and regional areas in Victoria, Australia. A representative of each organization took responsibility for distribution of questionnaires to direct support workers or family members of a sample of their clients. Questionnaires were returned to the researchers anonymously. The data provided in Table 1 indicate that the obtained sample was large enough to be representative of adults with in Victoria who are in receipt of day and residential services provided specifically for people with ID although, as typically occurs in surveys of this type, people with mild ID were underrepresented. There appears to be no systematic bias, however, in terms of gender, age or living situation.</p> <hd id="AN0018473557-6">Results</hd> <p>Life event frequency data are presented in Table 2. On average the participants were exposed to 4.68 life events in the previous 2 years (SD = 4.12, range =  0–16). The median number of life events experienced was 4, and the modal frequency was 2. Twenty‐five per cent had experienced seven or more life events in the 2‐year period.</p> <p>2 Frequency of life events in the past 2 years</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th><bold>Life events</bold></th><th><bold>% of sample</bold></th><th><bold>Cumulative %</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>0</td><td>11.3</td><td> 11.3</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>10.3</td><td> 21.6</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>12.7</td><td> 34.5</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>11.7</td><td> 46.2</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>12.3</td><td> 58.5</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td> 9.9</td><td> 68.4</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td> 6.6</td><td> 75.0</td></tr><tr><td>7+</td><td>25.0</td><td>100</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>The data were analyzed in order to determine which demographic factors were associated with frequency of life events. Non‐parametric tests were used as life event frequencies were not normally distributed. Tests for differences between groups revealed that males and females did not differ, and level of ID over the sample as a whole was not a significant factor. People living in staffed accommodation (mean = 5.06, SD = 4.09) experienced more life events than people living with natural or foster families (mean = 4.18, SD = 3.20; <emph>U</emph> = 38 610.50, <emph>z</emph> = 3.36, <emph>P</emph> = 0.001). This difference could largely be accounted for by changes in carers, care routines, and co‐residents, within the staffed residential settings. These factors would be expected to be relatively stable within family homes.</p> <p>Associations between frequency and life events and DBC‐A scores were examined. There was a positive correlation between life event frequency and the DBC‐A total score (<emph>ρ</emph> = 0.24, <emph>P</emph> = 0.000). People who scored above the DBC‐A caseness threshold of 60 experienced more life events (mean = 6.13, SD = 4.77) than people who scored below the caseness threshold (mean = 4.42, SD = 4.00; <emph>z</emph> = 3.58, <emph>P</emph> = 0.000). Spearman correlation coefficients for life event frequency and each of the DBC‐A sub‐scale scores are presented in Table 3. The analysis indicates that there were weak but statistically significant, positive associations between frequency of life events and each of the sub‐scales except Problems with social relating.</p> <p>3 Correlations between life event frequency and Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC‐A) sub‐scale scores (n = 624)</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th><bold>Sub‐scale</bold></th><th><italic><bold>ρ</bold></italic></th><th><bold><italic>P</italic></bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>Self‐absorbed</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.005</td></tr><tr><td>Disruptive</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Anxious</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Depressed</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Communication disturbance</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Social relating</td><td>0.06</td><td>ns</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>A logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine which variables made unique contributions to DBC‐A caseness status. Life event frequency was entered as a dichotomous variable, with participants classified as scoring either at or above or below the median of four life events. Gender did not contribute to caseness status, whereas living in staffed accommodation significantly increased the odds of caseness (<emph>e <sups>B</sups></emph> = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.11, 3.00, <emph>P</emph> < 0.05). Chronological age was significant (<emph>e <sups>B</sups></emph> = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.95, 0.99, <emph>P</emph> < 0.01), with younger participants more likely to score above the threshold than older participants. Participants who had experienced more than the median number of life events were more likely to score above the DBC‐A caseness threshold (<emph>e <sups>B</sups></emph> = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.10, 2.65, <emph>P</emph> < 0.05).</p> <p>The strength of the association between life event frequency and DBC‐A total score was examined further for sub‐groups of participants, determined according to diagnosis (autism, Down syndrome, or cerebral palsy) and level of ID (mild, moderate or severe), as reported by respondents. Correlation coefficients are presented in Table 4. The data show that the strength of the association varied among sub‐groups. It was non‐significant for each autism sub‐group, and strong for people with Down syndrome who had mild ID but weak for those with moderate or severe ID. Positive correlations were obtained for all sub‐groups with cerebral palsy but reached significance only for the larger, moderate and severe ID, sub‐groups.</p> <p>4 Participant sub‐group Spearman correlation coefficients for life event frequency and Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC‐A) total score</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th><bold>Associated diagnosis</bold></th><th><bold>Level of ID</bold></th></tr><tr><th><bold>Mild</bold></th><th><bold>Moderate</bold></th><th><bold>Severe</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>Autism</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>n</italic></td><td>20</td><td>34</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>r <sub>s</sub></italic></td><td> 0.13</td><td>−0.06</td><td> 0.13</td></tr><tr><td>Down syndrome</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>n</italic></td><td>11</td><td>91</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>r <sub>s</sub></italic></td><td> 0.84*</td><td> 0.10</td><td>−0.01</td></tr><tr><td>Cerebral palsy</td></tr><tr><td> <italic>n</italic></td><td>19</td><td>27</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td> r<sub>s</sub></td><td> 0.35</td><td> 0.46**</td><td> 0.67***</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>1 * <emph>P <</emph> 0.01,</p> <ulist> <item>2 ** <emph>P <</emph> 0.05,</item> <item>3 *** <emph>P <</emph> 0.001.</item> </ulist> <hd id="AN0018473557-7">Discussion</hd> <p>The results confirmed the finding of [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref22">6</reflink>]) that frequency of life events experienced will vary according to type of residential setting, albeit when staffed community settings were compared with family homes rather than with residential institutions. In contrast to the finding of [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref23">13</reflink>]), the difference between males and females in the number of life events experienced within the specified time period was not significant. The present study provides further evidence of associations between emotional and behavioural problems and life events experienced by adults with ID, after demographic factors have been taken into account. Life event frequency predicted DBC‐A total score, five of six sub‐scale scores, and caseness status.</p> <p>This study extended previous research by examining the strength of the relationship between life event frequency and emotional and behavioural problems in sub‐groups of participants. The results suggest that the association may actually be very strong for some sub‐groups (e.g. high functioning people with Down syndrome), but weak for others (e.g. people with autism regardless of level of functioning), illustrating that approaches which assume homogeneity in this population will hide differences among sub‐groups. The strength of the association within a given population of people with ID is thus likely to be determined by the composition of the population, and statistics based on total populations which are reported without reference to composition may not be particularly useful.</p> <p>The results suggest that further research is required to examine life event frequency and emotional and behavioural problems in people with autism. Clinicians commonly report high prevalence of anxiety in people with this diagnosis ([<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref24">1</reflink>]) and it has also been suggested that stress and anxiety may be associated with other emotional and behavioural problems, including irritability, obsessive and ritualistic behaviour, aggression, and self‐injurious and stereotyped behaviour ([<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref25">4</reflink>]). It is widely acknowledged that anxiety in people with autism may be associated with stress reactions caused by perceived environmental threats. For example, a tendency to cortisol hypersecretion found in older children with autism seems to be related to stress associated with coping within normal community settings ([<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref26">14</reflink>]), and suggests that stress reactions may relate to everyday events and social interactions rather than to life events ordinarily thought to be significant. A more recent study, which examined stress hormone production in autistic children and adults, suggested that they have heightened responses to acute stressors rather than chronically elevated stress levels ([<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref27">15</reflink>]). It has also been suggested that high anxiety levels in children with autism tend to be associated with problems in social relationships with family members and peers ([<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref28">10</reflink>]), with poor assertiveness and empathic skills ([<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref29">1</reflink>]), and with deficits in communication, social, and general cognitive coping skills, combined with heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli ([<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref30">5</reflink>]). It is possible that environmental stressors associated with emotional and behavioural problems in people with autism are not represented adequately in typical life events checklists such as that used in the present study. Extensive research is required which examines the daily stressors which affect the emotional well‐being of people with autism.</p> <p>As previous researchers have noted, the methodology employed in this study results in data that are correlational and which should not be used to imply causal relationships. The temporal order of exposure to life events and the development of emotional and behavioural problems was not identified. Contemporary approaches to behaviour intervention for challenging behaviour frequently utilize ecological components in which setting factors are manipulated. Significant modifications to aspects of residential, vocational and social environments, even though conducted in the best interests of the client, can disrupt established routines and may be experienced by the person with ID as unpleasant. Furthermore, it is also likely that families of people who present with challenging behaviour are more likely to seek an out‐of‐home residential placement where, in turn, the person experiences more frequent changes because of the nature of the setting. Significant associations between life events and behavioural problems may be brought about by combinations of circumstances. Before the results obtained to date can be applied in the field, longitudinal research is required in order to determine directions of causality.</p> <p>A significant limitation of this research was the implicit assumption that frequency of events <emph>per se</emph> is a useful predictive measure of challenging behaviour, psychopathology, or emotional and behavioural disturbance. If this assumption were true, then a person who experienced a change in co‐resident and a curriculum change at day placement, at the beginning of the specified time period, might be considered at greater risk of developing an associated psychiatric problem than a person who has experienced only one life event, a recent bereavement for example. Future research in this area should attempt to take account of the circumstances surrounding the life changes, the period of time over which changes might have taken place, and the meaning that the person might attach to such changes.</p> <ref id="AN0018473557-8"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref24" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Bellini S. (2004) Social skill deficits and anxiety in high‐functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 19, 78 – 86.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref20" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Einfeld S. L. & Tonge B. 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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Further Examination of Relationships Between Life Events and Psychiatric Symptoms in Adults with Intellectual Disability
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hamilton%2C+D%2E%22">Hamilton, D.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sutherland%2C+G%2E%22">Sutherland, G.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Iacono%2C+T%2E%22">Iacono, T.</searchLink>
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  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Intellectual+Disability+Research%22"><i>Journal of Intellectual Disability Research</i></searchLink>. Nov 2005 49(11):839-844.
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  Label: Availability
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  Data: Journal Customer Services, Blackwell Publishing, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. Tel: 800-835-6770 (Toll Free); Fax: 781-388-8232; e-mail: subscrip@bos.blackwellpublishing.com.
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  Label: Peer Reviewed
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  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 6
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2005
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Audience
  Label: Education Level
  Group: Audnce
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Adult+Education%22">Adult Education</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Probability%22">Probability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Developmental+Disabilities%22">Developmental Disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+Retardation%22">Mental Retardation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adults%22">Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Experience%22">Experience</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychiatry%22">Psychiatry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Symptoms+%28Individual+Disorders%29%22">Symptoms (Individual Disorders)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+Disorders%22">Mental Disorders</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00761.x
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0964-2633
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: It has been proposed that people with intellectual disability (ID) might be similar to the general population in the way they respond to significant life events. Some preliminary findings have demonstrated that adults with ID who have experienced recent life events have an increased probability of having psychiatric problems. The aims of the present study were to determine whether previous findings can be replicated, and to examine the influence of additional diagnoses associated with ID on the strength of relationships between life event frequency and psychiatric problems. Methods: Adults with ID (n = 624), living either in staffed community accommodation or in family or foster homes, were assessed on the Developmental Behaviour Checklist for Adults (DBC-A) and a 37-item life events checklist. Carers who knew the person well acted as proxy informants. Results: People living in staffed accommodation experienced more life events than people living with natural or foster families. Life event frequency predicted DBC-A total score, five of six sub-scale scores, and caseness status, after significant demographic factors were taken into account. However, the strength of correlations between life event frequency and DBC-A total score varied among sub-groups identified by type of developmental disability and level of ID. Conclusions: Weak but significant associations between emotional and behavioural problems and life events experienced by adults with ID were demonstrated, but it was also shown that the strength of such associations varies among sub-groups of this heterogeneous population. Future research needs to take account of the circumstances surrounding the life changes, the period of time over which changes might have taken place, and the meaning that the person might attach to the changes. Research into the causal relationship between exposure to life events and the onset of psychiatric problems is also warranted.
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  Data: Author
– Name: Ref
  Label: Number of References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: 16
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2005
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ723085
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00761.x
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 6
        StartPage: 839
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Probability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Developmental Disabilities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mental Retardation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adults
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Experience
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychiatry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Symptoms (Individual Disorders)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mental Disorders
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Further Examination of Relationships Between Life Events and Psychiatric Symptoms in Adults with Intellectual Disability
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Hamilton, D.
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            NameFull: Sutherland, G.
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            NameFull: Iacono, T.
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Type: published
              Y: 2005
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0964-2633
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              Value: 49
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              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
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