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College Students and Gambling: An Examination of Gender Differences in Motivation for Participation

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Title: College Students and Gambling: An Examination of Gender Differences in Motivation for Participation
Language: English
Authors: Burger, Terry D., Dahlgren, Donna, MacDonald, Christine D.
Source: College Student Journal. Sep 2006 40(3):704-714.
Availability: Project Innovation, Inc. P.O. Box 8508 Spring Hill Station, Mobile, AL 36689-0508. Tel: 251-343-1878; Fax: 251-343-1878; Web site: http://www.projectinnovation.biz/csj.html
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 11
Publication Date: 2006
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Measures (Individuals), Motivation, Incentives, Gender Differences, College Students, Student Attitudes, Competition, Behavior Problems
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Attitude Scale
ISSN: 0146-3934
Abstract: The current research is among the first to examine whether gender or the level of competitiveness affects a person's motivation to gamble. One hundred fifty two participants completed a scale to measure whether they were intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to gamble (Gambling Motivation Scale) and a scale to measure their level of competitiveness (Hypercompetitiveness Attitude Scale). As hypothesized, results indicate men scored higher than women on intrinsic motivations for gambling. However, no gender differences were found for extrinsic motivation in gambling. Participants with high-competitive scores (male and female) were more likely to have higher intrinsic and higher extrinsic motivations for gambling. (Contains 3 tables.)
Abstractor: Author
Number of References: 29
Entry Date: 2007
Access URL: https://www.projectinnovation.biz/csj.html
Accession Number: EJ765371
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0022468661;cgl01sep.06;2006Sep26.10:28;v2.2.460</anid> <title id="AN0022468661-1">COLLEGE STUDENTS AND GAMBLING: AN EXAMINATION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MOTIVATION FOR PARTICIPATION </title> <p>The current research is among the first to examine whether gender or the level of competitiveness affects a person's motivation to gamble. One hundred fifty two participants completed a scale to measure whether they were intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to gamble (Gambling Motivation Scale) and a scale to measure their level of competitiveness (Hypercompetitiveness Attitude Scale). As hypothesized, results indicate men scored higher than women on intrinsic motivations for gambling. However, no gender differences were found for extrinsic motivation in gambling. Participants with high-competitive scores (male and female) were more likely to have higher intrinsic and higher extrinsic motivations for gambling.</p> <p>In 1974, and again in 1980, 80% of adult Americans surveyed expressed a favorable interest in seeing legalized gambling of some kind in their state of residence (Moran, 1997). This apparent moral acceptance of gambling has been reflected by the tremendous growth rate of legalized gambling venues across America during the last 25 years. Forty-eight states have legalized at least one form of gambling (Moran, 1997). In 1995, $500 billion was legally exchanged in some form of gambling in the United States, representing nearly a 3000% increase over figures reported in 1975 ($17.4 billion) (Netemeyer et al., 1998).</p> <p>The increase in popularity and availability of gambling raises concern among mental health professionals who have observed that perhaps as high as 3% of the adult population meet the diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling [American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994; Morrison, 1995]. That is, up to 3% of the adult population exhibits gambling behavior that interferes with personal, family, and professional relationships. A 1989 Gallup poll revealed that of the adult population who reported they had gambled during the previous 12-month period, 70% reported having gambled three or more times per week, with as many as 6% considered probable "compulsive gamblers" (Netemeyer, et al., 1998). Pathological gamblers generally show the following characteristics: being obsessed with the thought of gambling; telling lies to family, friends, or employers; and wagering increasingly larger amounts in an attempt to make up losses (termed "chasing") (APA, 1994). Additionally, an association with crime has also been widely reported as a characteristic of the pathological gambler (APA, 1994; Meyer & Stadler, 1999; Netemeyer et al., 1998; Vitaro, Arseneault, & Tremblay, 1999).</p> <p>In his classic study, Lesieur (1984) reported that many people view gambling as an opportunity to briefly forget about their troubles and have fun. However, for the pathological gambler, gambling ceases being an effective coping mechanism for dealing with the stressors of their world. These gamblers often find themselves having to emotionally deal with not only the issues that led them to gamble in the first place (e.g., impulsivity, financial problems) but also with the negative consequences of their gambling (e.g., strained personal and professional relationships, loss of employment, legal issues) (Gaudia, 1987; Lesieur, 1984; Rosenthal, 1992). In short, the pathological gambler loses his or her ability to gamble responsibly.</p> <p>One way to understand what drives so many people to gamble is to examine both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for participation. For example, does an individual gamble to have a good time or to learn something new (intrinsic motivation) or to gain a monetary reward (extrinsic motivation)? A 1989 Gallup survey reported 39% of gambling participants questioned confirmed they gambled "to have a good time" while 27% stated their involvement was for monetary gain (Gallup, 1990). Some who gamble claim to do so primarily due to intrinsic motivation, while others are primarily extrinsically motivated (Chantal & Vallerand, 1995; Feldman, 1996). Thus, an individual's primary underlying driving force could be indicative of both their level and frequency of gambling involvement. Additionally, an individual's central motivation to participate in gambling activities may also be connotative of disorders such as pathological gambling or other high-risk behaviors that are often comorbid with pathological gambling (e.g., heavy alcohol consumption) (Kessler, 1994; Nelson, Heath, et al., 1998; Shaffer & Hall, 2002).</p> <p>In an attempt to quantify types and frequencies of motivation, Chantal and Vallerand (1995) examined motivation and its relationship to gambling involvement. The authors hypothesized that a greater level of participation would be found in gambling participants who had an intrinsic motivation and sought a sense of entertainment from their involvement. The authors further predicted that those participants seeking tangible rewards would have a lesser level of participation. That is, participants who gamble primarily for fun and excitement would likely gamble more than someone whose sole purpose was to win money. Participants (with a mean age of 48.3 years) completed the Gambling Motivation Scale (GMS) and a measure to investigate the level of gambling involvement. The results indicated a greater level of participation in gambling activities for intrinsic reasons than for extrinsic ones. Given the mean age of the participants, these results suggest that middle-aged gamblers primarily participate in gambling activities for fun and excitement. These results further indicated that type of motivation can lead to various levels of participation.</p> <p>Adebayo (1998) conducted a study to examine the motivation behind gambling participation in a sample of rural community college students. Results indicated that 80% of students who reported they had gambled indicated extrinsic reasons for gambling, while 65% reported intrinsic reasons. These results reflect the fact that some students seek to satisfy both extrinsic and intrinsic needs via their gambling participation. It would appear that college students, while gambling for fun (intrinsic motivation) also have hopes of winning money (extrinsic motivation).</p> <p>Most studies on gambling to date have not examined gender differences. Given that numerous studies on gender differences indicate men and women differ in motivational drives (e.g., Delfabbro, 2000; Grant & Kim, 2002; Nower & Washington, 2001), it may be possible that gender differences affect the types of motivation involved in the gambling behaviors previously stated. As an example, these studies indicate men may be motivated to gamble to achieve goals whereas women may be more motivated to gamble to relax and relieve tension.</p> <p>Researchers on gambling have generally failed to specifically report the impact of gender on motivation in their studies. Instead, their studies typically report the impact of gender on factors such as the type of gambling instrument preferred (e.g., Adebayo, 1998; Delfabbro, 2000; Grant & Kim, 2002; Ladd & Petry, 2002). This is not to say that the type of game preferred by a particular gender does not offer a possible link to a person's motivation to gamble. Adebayo (1998) demonstrated this when he reported that male students preferred games that involved some type of skill dimension (e.g., sports betting, horse racing), whereas female students were more likely to participate in more passive games (e.g., bingo, scratch-off lottery tickets). That is, men are motivated to participate in gambling in different venues than women. This suggests that men and women may indeed differ in motivational needs since different game types are selected. Lynn (1993), who examined gender difference in competition among college students in 20 countries, supported the possibility that men and women may differ in motivational needs. He reported that men were more competitive than women, and suggested that men are intrinsically motivated to express their competitive superiority over others. Lynn further stated that one avenue for men to accomplish this may be to use money as a symbolic expression of their success. These findings suggest that where monetary gain is both literally and symbolically possible, gender differences in the driving force behind participation are likely to be found. For example, men may be more apt to gamble for the high intrinsic pleasure they receive from competition than are women. It is this possibility that men may differ from women in type and level of motivation that is at the heart of the current study.</p> <p>Accordingly, the current study proposes to examine the motivations behind gambling participation among college students by directly focusing on gender-related attributions. It is predicted that men will report being more competitive than women. Because men are more likely to participate in gambling venues they view as skill contests, the study's second hypothesis is that men will report higher levels of overall intrinsic motivation for their gambling participation than will women.</p> <cn>Method</cn> <p>Participants</p> <p>One hundred fifty-two students (76 men and 76 women) enrolled in introductory psychology courses at a small Midwestern university were recruited to participate in the current study. The mean age of the participants was 20.7 years (SD = 4.72) with a range of 17 to 45 years.</p> <p>Measures</p> <p>Participants were asked to complete three measures for the current study: a measure of competitiveness, a motivation scale, and a screen for pathological gambling.</p> <p>Competitiveness. The Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale is a 26-item measure of competitiveness (Ryckman, Hammer, Kaczor, & Gold, 1990). The scale employs a 5-point Likert-type response method, with response selections ranging from never true of me (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref1">1</reflink>) to always true of me (<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref2">5</reflink>). Higher scores indicate greater hypercompetitive attitudes. Ryckman et al. (1990) conducted four studies to assess the reliability and validity of the scale, with each study's results indicating strong support for the scale.</p> <p>Motivation. The Gambling Motivation Scale (GMS) is a 28-item questionnaire which measures intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among gambling participants (Chantal, Vallerand, & Vallieres, 1994). The measure consists of seven subscales that correspond to seven types of motivation. Specifically, three subscales are collectively used to assess intrinsic motivations (intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to accomplish, and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulations), three subscales are collectively used to assess extrinsic motivations (identified regulation, internal regulation, and external regulation), and one subscale measures amotivation (not used in the current study). Chantal and Vallerand (1995) found sound internal consistency for the GMS for each subscale.</p> <p>Pathological Gambling. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS; Leisure & Blume, 1987) is a widely used self-administered measure for pathological gambling. The SOGS was employed in the current study as both an indicator and quantifier of potential problem gambling among the study's participants. The SOGS measures an individual's gambling involvement over the course of their lifetime. Scores on the SOGS can range from 0 to 20. A score of 0 on the SOGS indicates "no problem gambling," scores of either 3 or 4 indicate "possible problem gambling," while scores of 5 or higher indicate 'probable' pathological gambling" as defined by DSM-IV (APA, 1994) criteria for pathological gambling (Leisure & Blume, 1987).</p> <p>Procedure</p> <p>Permission from the human subjects review board was granted to conduct the current study. All participants were required to sign an informed consent statement confirming their willingness to participate in the study that would ask them to report their gambling behaviors, some of which might be illegal in nature. Participants were informed by the researcher that they could withdraw from the study at any time and were assured of their anonymity. No students chose to withdraw from the study. All surveys were completed in the classroom, with no surveys being allowed to leave the classroom for any reason due to the sensitive nature of the questions and the anonymity issue. Students were given extra credit in their introductory psychology course for their participation in the study.</p> <p>The current study defines gambling participation as an individual's active participation (i.e., participation within the last six-month period) in one or more of the following venues of speculation: state lotteries, scratch off instant tickets, horse or dog track wagering, sports wagering, casino-style gambling (including riverboat casinos), bingo, and card games.</p> <cn>Results</cn> <p>Of the 152 participants surveyed, 80.9% (N = 123; 62 men, 61 women) reported having gambled at least once within the last six months. Of the participants reporting having gambled in the previous six months, 94% (N = 116; 59 men, 57 women) were classified as having no gambling problems based on their SOGS scores. Four (2.6%) participants' SOGS score indicated a potential problem associated with their level of gambling involvement (i.e., scores of 3 to 4 on the SOGS). Three (2%) participants' SOGS score met the criteria for pathological gambling (i.e., scores greater than 5 on the SOGS). Table 1 offers a complete summary of participants' gambling participation.</p> <p>Table 2 reports means and standard deviations for intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of those participants reporting having gambled in the previous six months.</p> <p>One hundred (51 men and 49 women) of the 123 participants who reported having gambled at least once within the last six months elected to indicate their favorite gambling venues on their SOGS questionnaire. Men overwhelmingly reported poker/card playing as their favorite gambling venue (37.3%). Other top male responses included sports (13.7%), horse racing (11.8%), lottery/raffle (9.8%), and other games of skill (7.8%). Women also reported poker/card games as their favorite gambling activity, but by a much slimmer margin (24.5%). Other female responses were: lottery/raffle (22.4%), scratch off tickets/pull tabs (16.3%), horse racing (12.2%), and bingo (10.2%). Table 3 summarizes offers a complete summary of participants' game-type preferences by gender.</p> <p>Competitiveness</p> <p>An independent samples t-test indicated that men (M = 61.01, SD 10.17) were significantly more competitive than women (M = 55.83, SD 11.43), t (<reflink idref="bib149" id="ref3">149</reflink>) = 2.94, p < .01. This finding coincides with previous research that indicates men are more competitive than women.</p> <p>Intrinsic Motivation</p> <p>The three GMS subscales used to assess intrinsic motivations were summed to reach an overall intrinsic motivation score. A 2 (Competitiveness: High, Low) x 2 (Gender: Male, Female) ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of gender such that men (M = 2.59, SD = 1.19) showed higher levels of intrinsic motivation to gamble than did women (M = 1.91, SD = .93), F (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref4">1</reflink>, 74) = 11.7, p < .01. A significant main effect of competitiveness was also found such that high-competitive participants (M = 2.49, SD = 1.24) showed higher levels of intrinsic motivation to gamble than low-competitive participants (M = 1.95, SD = .89), F (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref5">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib140" id="ref6">140</reflink>) = 5.76, p < .05. The interaction was not significant, F (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref7">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib140" id="ref8">140</reflink>) = .31, p = .58.</p> <p>Extrinsic Motivation</p> <p>The three GMS subscales used to asses extrinsic motivations were summed to reach an overall extrinsic motivation score. A 2 (Gender: Male, Female) x 2 (Competitiveness: High, Low) ANOVA revealed no significant main effect of gender on extrinsic motivation, F (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref9">1</reflink>, 74) = .304, p = .58. However, a significant main effect of competitiveness was found such that high-competitive participants (M = 2.29, SD = 1.19) scored significantly higher on extrinsic motivation than did low-competitive participants, (M = 1.48, SD = .60), F (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref10">1</reflink>, 140) = 24.68, p < .001. The interaction was again not significant, F (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref11">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib140" id="ref12">140</reflink>) = 2.25, p = .14.</p> <cn>Discussion</cn> <p>The purpose of the current study was to determine how gender and competitiveness affect college students' gambling motivations. It is the first study to examine whether gender or the level of competitiveness affects a person's motivation to gamble. Lynn (1993) found men to be more competitive than women overall. The current study's first hypothesis was supported when its results mirrored Lynn's findings that men were significantly more competitive than women. Highly competitive individuals (i.e., intrinsically driven), regardless of gender, are more likely to spend more time gambling than those who are predominantly extrinsically motivated (Chantal & Vallerand, 1995).</p> <p>The relationship between gender and competitiveness is important in that competitive differences between men and women can often be seen in the game type preferred for gambling. Adebayo (1998) reported that male college students preferred wagering on games of skill such as sports betting, horse racing, or pool. The results of the current study confirm Adebayo's finding. Of the 51 men who responded to the question about what their favorite gambling venue was, 36 (70.6%) chose games of skill. Of the 49 women who answered the same question, only 20 (40.8%) chose games of skill as their favorite gambling type. Women were much more likely to choose more passive gambling types such as bingo, lottery tickets, or scratch-off tickets. This indicates that males and females may differ in their motivations for participation.</p> <p>Results indicated support for the second hypothesis that men would be more intrinsically motivated to participate in gambling than women. Overall, men did report significantly higher levels of intrinsic involvement than women. No significant gender differences were found in extrinsic motivations. Perhaps, as Chantal and Vallerand (1995) suggest, this was due to external rewards being viewed as a "means to an end," not involving issues of "self-determination." Therefore, external rewards (e.g., money and social approval) are beyond the individual's control and leads to the individual experiencing negative emotions with their gambling involvement (e.g., tension, uncertainty). These negative feelings may cause both men and women to be less extrinsically motivated to participate in gambling activities, leading both genders equally to a reduction in both the amount of time and money reserved for gambling activities (Chantal & Vallerand, 1995).</p> <p>An interesting finding in the current study was that highly competitive participants, regardless of gender, reported higher levels of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations than those who scored low in competitiveness. This finding seems to suggest a deeper emotional involvement among highly competitive gamblers, which may be indicative of current or future problem gambling. Evidence of this deeper emotional involvement is indicated in the SOGS scores of the current study's seven participants whose scores indicate possible or probable gambling problems (e.g., pathological gambling).</p> <p>Limitations</p> <p>One limitation of the current study was the lack of diversity among its participants. This study's results are based on a sample with an average age just under the legal age limit for many gambling activities, such as those played in a casino (M = 20.7 years, mode = 18). This may explain in part why only 2% of the current study's participants met the criteria for pathological gambling as opposed to the 3% of the adult population (i.e., over age 21 years) who are typically reported to meet the criteria (APA, 1994). Also, of the study's 152 participants, 91.4 percent (n = 139) were Caucasian. Only 13 participants were members of an ethnic minority group (African American = 7, Hispanic = 3, Asian American = 2, and Other = 1). Additional research is needed to determine if this study's pattern of results will remain comparable across ethnic groups and age groups.</p> <p>A second limitation of the current study is that its data may not easily be generalized to the population at large given that the sample size was relatively small and limited to an introductory psychology class at a small Midwestern university. Therefore, additional research is needed to determine if the current study's results can be replicated in a larger, more geographically diverse sample.</p> <p>Future Research</p> <p>Highly competitive individuals are both more intrinsically motivated and more likely to spend a greater amount of time and emotional commitment in gambling activities than are individuals who are primarily extrinsically motivated to participate in gambling activities. This greater level of participation among highly competitive individuals may lead to a greater rate of problem gambling in this population. Therefore, future research should more closely examine the possible link between highly competitive gamblers and rates of problem gambling. Given that men are more likely than women to be highly competitive (Lynn, 1993) and that a greater number of men are likely to experience gambling-related problems (Leisure & Blume, 1987), future research should specifically target men and explore for possible relationships between level of competition and severity of gambling problems.</p> <p>Furthermore, it appears that, when combined, gender and level of competitiveness may serve as a predictor of an individual's type and level of gambling involvement. Future research should examine interactions between gender and competitiveness in a larger, more diverse population. Finally, future research should look for gender differences in motivation for college students to participate in online gambling venues given both the relative ease and availability of this particular type of venue and the rapid advances being witnessed in the field of technology (Griffiths & Wood, 2000). Examples of recent technological advances include the availability of broadband internet connections, online banking, and real-time sports information (e.g., scores of games in progress), which collectively make internet casino gaming and sports betting available instantaneously.</p> <cn>Conclusions</cn> <p>In conclusion, it is remarkable that (possible) gender effects on motivation to gamble have not been previously reported as any gender differences found might offer additional insight to the primary motivation for both initial and sustained participation. Since most college students view gambling as a form of recreation or a quick fix to their financial problems (Adebayo, 1998), discovering whether students are gambling for intrinsic or extrinsic rewards is taking the first step in assuring proper counseling services are available to both those who are currently participating in gambling activities, and as a preventive measure for those who are not. Finally, if the current study's findings are replicated in future research, improved preventative education programs could be designed and implemented at the early secondary-school level where previous research has well established a positive link between adolescents and gambling involvement (Stinchfield, 2000; Stinchfield & Winters, 1998, 2001; Westphai & Rush, 1998).</p> <hd id="AN0022468661-2">Table 1 South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) Categories for Participants Who Reported Gambling Within the Previous Six Months (N = 123)</hd> <ct id="AN0022468661-3"> Legend for Chart: B - Men (N = 62) C - Women (N = 61) D - Total (Percent) A B C D No gambling problem 59 57 116 (94.3) Possible gambling problem(*) 1 3 4 (3.3) Probable gambling problem(**) 2 1 3 (2.4) (*) SOGS score = 3 or 4. (**) SOGS score ≥ 5.</ct> <hd id="AN0022468661-4">Table 2 Means and Standard Deviations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Scales for Participants Who Reported Having Gambled In the Previous Six Months</hd> <ct id="AN0022468661-5"> Legend for Chart: B - Men (N = 62) M C - Men (N = 62) SD D - Women (N = 61) M E - Women (N = 61) SD F - Total (N = 123) M G - Total (N = 123) SD A B C D E F G Intrinsic To Know 2.79 1.55 1.92 1.11 2.36 1.42 Accomplishment 2.23 1.09 1.54 .82 1.89 1.02 Stimulation 3.23 1.31 2.74 1.25 2.99 1.30 Combined 2.75 1.12 2.07 .95 2.42 1.09 Extrinsic Identification 1.72 .97 1.53 1.02 1.63 1.00 Introjected 1.79 1.20 1.63 1.11 1.71 1.15 External Regulation 2.83 1.89 2.66 1.95 2.75 1.91 Combined 2.12 1.02 1.93 1.03 2.02 1.03</ct> <hd id="AN0022468661-6">Table 3 Percentage of Men and Women Who Prefer Various Game-Types (N = 100)</hd> <ct id="AN0022468661-7"> Legend for Chart: A - Game Type B - Men C - Women A B C Games of Skill Poker/card playing 37.3 24.5 Sports 13.7 2.0 Horse racing 11.8 12.2 Other 7.8 2.0 Non Skill Games Lottery/raffle 9.8 22.4 Scratch-off tickets/pull tabs 5.9 16.3 Bingo 0 10.2 Table/dice games 3.9 4.1 Slot machines/video poker 2.0 6.1 Office pools 5.9 0 Note. Twenty-three of the 123 participants who indicated they had gambled in the previous 6 months did not denote a specific game-type preference. Participants were allowed to list only one game-type preference.</ct> <ref id="AN0022468661-8"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref1" type="bt"></bibl> <bibtext>Adebayo, B. (1998). Luck of the dice: Gambling attitudes of a sample of community college students. College Student Journal, 32, 255-257.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" type="bt"></bibl> <bibtext>American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition). Washington, D.C., APA.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib3" type="bt"></bibl> <bibtext>Chantal, Y., & Vallerand, R.J. (1995). Motivation and gambling involvement. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 755-763.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib4" type="bt"></bibl> <bibtext>Chantal, Y., Vallerand, R.J., & Vallieres, E.F., (1994). 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  Data: College Students and Gambling: An Examination of Gender Differences in Motivation for Participation
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burger%2C+Terry+D%2E%22">Burger, Terry D.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dahlgren%2C+Donna%22">Dahlgren, Donna</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22MacDonald%2C+Christine+D%2E%22">MacDonald, Christine D.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22College+Student+Journal%22"><i>College Student Journal</i></searchLink>. Sep 2006 40(3):704-714.
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  Data: Project Innovation, Inc. P.O. Box 8508 Spring Hill Station, Mobile, AL 36689-0508. Tel: 251-343-1878; Fax: 251-343-1878; Web site: http://www.projectinnovation.biz/csj.html
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  Data: 11
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  Data: 2006
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measures+%28Individuals%29%22">Measures (Individuals)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Motivation%22">Motivation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Incentives%22">Incentives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+Differences%22">Gender Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Students%22">College Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Attitudes%22">Student Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Competition%22">Competition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Problems%22">Behavior Problems</searchLink>
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  Data: 0146-3934
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The current research is among the first to examine whether gender or the level of competitiveness affects a person's motivation to gamble. One hundred fifty two participants completed a scale to measure whether they were intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to gamble (Gambling Motivation Scale) and a scale to measure their level of competitiveness (Hypercompetitiveness Attitude Scale). As hypothesized, results indicate men scored higher than women on intrinsic motivations for gambling. However, no gender differences were found for extrinsic motivation in gambling. Participants with high-competitive scores (male and female) were more likely to have higher intrinsic and higher extrinsic motivations for gambling. (Contains 3 tables.)
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  Data: 2007
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        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 704
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Measures (Individuals)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Motivation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Incentives
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gender Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Competition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Behavior Problems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Attitude Scale
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: College Students and Gambling: An Examination of Gender Differences in Motivation for Participation
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            NameFull: Burger, Terry D.
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            NameFull: Dahlgren, Donna
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            NameFull: MacDonald, Christine D.
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