Happiness Scale Interval Study. Methodological Considerations
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| Title: | Happiness Scale Interval Study. Methodological Considerations |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Kalmijn, W. M., Arends, L. R., Veenhoven, R. |
| Source: | Social Indicators Research. Jul 2011 102(3):497-515. |
| Availability: | Springer. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-348-4505; e-mail: service-ny@springer.com; Web site: http://www.springerlink.com |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 19 |
| Publication Date: | 2011 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Reports - Research |
| Descriptors: | Foreign Countries, Intervals, Measures (Individuals), Psychological Patterns, Statistical Analysis, Social Indicators, Measurement, Sociometric Techniques, Surveys, Well Being, Evaluation Research, Test Construction |
| Geographic Terms: | Netherlands |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11205-010-9688-2 |
| ISSN: | 0303-8300 |
| Abstract: | The Happiness Scale Interval Study deals with survey questions on happiness, using verbal response options, such as "very happy" and "pretty happy". The aim is to estimate what degrees of happiness are denoted by such terms in different questions and languages. These degrees are expressed in numerical values on a continuous [0,10] scale, which are then used to compute "transformed" means and standard deviations. Transforming scores on different questions to the same scale allows to broadening the World Database of Happiness considerably. The central purpose of the Happiness Scale Interval Study is to identify the happiness values at which respondents change their judgment from e.g. "very happy" to "pretty happy" or the reverse. This paper deals with the methodological/statistical aspects of this approach. The central question is always how to convert the frequencies at which the different possible responses to the same question given by a sample into information on the happiness distribution in the relevant population. The primary (cl)aim of this approach is to achieve this in a (more) valid way. To this end, a model is introduced that allows for dealing with happiness as a latent continuous random variable, in spite of the fact that it is measured as a discrete one. The [0,10] scale is partitioned in as many contiguous parts as the number of possible ratings in the primary scale sums up to. Any subject with a (self-perceived) happiness in the same subinterval is assumed to select the same response. For the probability density function of this happiness random variable, two options are discussed. The first one postulates a uniform distribution within each of the different subintervals of the [0,10] scale. On the basis of these results, the mean value and variance of the complete distribution can be estimated. The method is described, including the precision of the estimates obtained in this way. The second option assumes the happiness distribution to be described as a beta distribution on the interval [0,10] with two shape parameters ([alpha] and [beta]). From their estimates on the basis of the primary information, the mean value and the variance of the happiness distribution in the population can be estimated. An illustration is given in which the method is applied to existing measurement results of 20 surveys in The Netherlands in the period 1990-2008. The results clarify our recommendation to apply the model with a uniform distribution within each of the category intervals, in spite of a better validity of the alternative on the basis of a beta distribution. The reason is that the recommended model allows to construct a confidence interval for the true but unknown population happiness distribution. The paper ends with a listing of actual and potential merits of this approach, which has been described here for verbal happiness questions, but which is also applicable to phenomena which are measured along similar lines. (Contains 1 table and 3 figures.) |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Number of References: | 13 |
| Entry Date: | 2011 |
| Accession Number: | EJ926961 |
| Database: | ERIC |
| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Url: https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHj0k_4E0hTGH8RJwT4gCJyBsGNe_WN95AvKlDbXJGqwxwFWrXMwWQBsU-29zjrfp4I6AAAA4jCB3wYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHRMIHOAgEAMIHIBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDGHsYg92J7As99i-3QIBEICBmirpPR-sRmRZAZ3S2c4OAN6W449VIxMO4hKoPKbwkFrr2ZqXS_jXibK6Pa0y3yJRVlo-NV5eTCS99ufIoysj3HHCWu5z9MSyZzNlBwHal1hgnpcURGPXymvdqAnUKm3egLeJULZbcfE8L7KpIcgbC61mMLWR40YWWgMC0rfsWKi_gyWpFDkHoyDuzYWizry6NkBR9X4CFBvS6C4= Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Happiness Scale Interval Study. Methodological Considerations – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kalmijn%2C+W%2E+M%2E%22">Kalmijn, W. M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arends%2C+L%2E+R%2E%22">Arends, L. R.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Veenhoven%2C+R%2E%22">Veenhoven, R.</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Social+Indicators+Research%22"><i>Social Indicators Research</i></searchLink>. Jul 2011 102(3):497-515. – Name: Avail Label: Availability Group: Avail Data: Springer. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-348-4505; e-mail: service-ny@springer.com; Web site: http://www.springerlink.com – Name: PeerReviewed Label: Peer Reviewed Group: SrcInfo Data: Y – Name: Pages Label: Page Count Group: Src Data: 19 – Name: DatePubCY Label: Publication Date Group: Date Data: 2011 – Name: TypeDocument Label: Document Type Group: TypDoc Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research – Name: Subject Label: Descriptors Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intervals%22">Intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measures+%28Individuals%29%22">Measures (Individuals)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+Patterns%22">Psychological Patterns</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+Analysis%22">Statistical Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Indicators%22">Social Indicators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measurement%22">Measurement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sociometric+Techniques%22">Sociometric Techniques</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surveys%22">Surveys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Well+Being%22">Well Being</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation+Research%22">Evaluation Research</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Test+Construction%22">Test Construction</searchLink> – Name: Subject Label: Geographic Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Netherlands%22">Netherlands</searchLink> – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1007/s11205-010-9688-2 – Name: ISSN Label: ISSN Group: ISSN Data: 0303-8300 – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The Happiness Scale Interval Study deals with survey questions on happiness, using verbal response options, such as "very happy" and "pretty happy". The aim is to estimate what degrees of happiness are denoted by such terms in different questions and languages. These degrees are expressed in numerical values on a continuous [0,10] scale, which are then used to compute "transformed" means and standard deviations. Transforming scores on different questions to the same scale allows to broadening the World Database of Happiness considerably. The central purpose of the Happiness Scale Interval Study is to identify the happiness values at which respondents change their judgment from e.g. "very happy" to "pretty happy" or the reverse. This paper deals with the methodological/statistical aspects of this approach. The central question is always how to convert the frequencies at which the different possible responses to the same question given by a sample into information on the happiness distribution in the relevant population. The primary (cl)aim of this approach is to achieve this in a (more) valid way. To this end, a model is introduced that allows for dealing with happiness as a latent continuous random variable, in spite of the fact that it is measured as a discrete one. The [0,10] scale is partitioned in as many contiguous parts as the number of possible ratings in the primary scale sums up to. Any subject with a (self-perceived) happiness in the same subinterval is assumed to select the same response. For the probability density function of this happiness random variable, two options are discussed. The first one postulates a uniform distribution within each of the different subintervals of the [0,10] scale. On the basis of these results, the mean value and variance of the complete distribution can be estimated. The method is described, including the precision of the estimates obtained in this way. The second option assumes the happiness distribution to be described as a beta distribution on the interval [0,10] with two shape parameters ([alpha] and [beta]). From their estimates on the basis of the primary information, the mean value and the variance of the happiness distribution in the population can be estimated. An illustration is given in which the method is applied to existing measurement results of 20 surveys in The Netherlands in the period 1990-2008. The results clarify our recommendation to apply the model with a uniform distribution within each of the category intervals, in spite of a better validity of the alternative on the basis of a beta distribution. The reason is that the recommended model allows to construct a confidence interval for the true but unknown population happiness distribution. The paper ends with a listing of actual and potential merits of this approach, which has been described here for verbal happiness questions, but which is also applicable to phenomena which are measured along similar lines. (Contains 1 table and 3 figures.) – Name: AbstractInfo Label: Abstractor Group: Ab Data: As Provided – Name: Ref Label: Number of References Group: RefInfo Data: 13 – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date Group: Date Data: 2011 – Name: AN Label: Accession Number Group: ID Data: EJ926961 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s11205-010-9688-2 Languages: – Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 19 StartPage: 497 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries Type: general – SubjectFull: Intervals Type: general – SubjectFull: Measures (Individuals) Type: general – SubjectFull: Psychological Patterns Type: general – SubjectFull: Statistical Analysis Type: general – SubjectFull: Social Indicators Type: general – SubjectFull: Measurement Type: general – SubjectFull: Sociometric Techniques Type: general – SubjectFull: Surveys Type: general – SubjectFull: Well Being Type: general – SubjectFull: Evaluation Research Type: general – SubjectFull: Test Construction Type: general – SubjectFull: Netherlands Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Happiness Scale Interval Study. Methodological Considerations Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kalmijn, W. M. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Arends, L. R. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Veenhoven, R. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 07 Type: published Y: 2011 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 0303-8300 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 102 – Type: issue Value: 3 Titles: – TitleFull: Social Indicators Research Type: main |
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