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Effect of elevation, habitat, and season in butterfly (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) assemblages in a tropical mountain.

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Title: Effect of elevation, habitat, and season in butterfly (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) assemblages in a tropical mountain.
Alternate Title: Efecto de la elevación, el hábitat y la estación en los ensamblajes de mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en una montaña tropical.
Authors: Matamoros-Calderón, Wendolyn1,2 wendolyn.matamoros@ucr.ac.cr, Murillo Hiller, Ricardo1,3 murillohiller@gmail.com, Cerdas Cedeño, Álvaro4 edchacon@gmail.com, Hanson Snortum, Paul1 phanson91@gmail.com, Canet Moya, Noemi4 alvaro.cerdascedeno@ucr.ac.cr, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo2,5
Source: Revista de Biología Tropical. 2025 Supplement, Vol. 73, p1-15. 15p.
Subjects: BUTTERFLIES, SEASONS, NYMPHALIDAE, HABITATS, LEPIDOPTERA, ALTITUDES, TROPICAL ecosystems, BIODIVERSITY
Geographic Terms: COSTA Rica
Abstract (English): Introduction: Spatial and temporal variation in the environment promotes biological diversity. However, the combined effects of elevation, seasonality, and habitat on butterfly diversity and abundance are still underexplored in rural tropical ecosystems. Butterflies, as bioindicators, offer an excellent opportunity to assess environmental impacts due to their sensitivity to habitat changes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the variation in butterfly abundance and species richness across different habitats, elevations, and seasons in a rural tropical mountain landscape in Costa Rica. Methods: The study was conducted over six months, encompassing both the dry and rainy seasons. Butterflies were sampled along an elevational gradient (1 200, 1 500, and 1 800 m) across two habitat types: grasslands and riparian forests. Sampling methods included hand nets and fruit baits along each transect and at each site over the six-month period. We made six visits to each site, with seven transects sampled per visit to capture butterflies. A total of 1 421 individuals representing 151 species were recorded. Results: The Nymphalidae family exhibited the highest species richness and abundance. Butterfly abundance decreased with increasing elevation, but patterns of species richness varied by family. Seasonal variation significantly affected both abundance and richness, with higher values recorded during the rainy season. Based on local abundance, rare species were more commonly found in riparian forests at higher elevations during the wet season. Habitat did not significantly influence overall butterfly abundance or richness. Conclusions: Seasonality and elevation influence butterfly populations in tropical mountain ecosystems. The lack of a significant habitat effect suggests that other ecological variables may mediate the impact of habitat on butterfly communities. Further studies are required to clarify these dynamics, particularly the role of habitat heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (Spanish): Introducción: La variación espacial y temporal en el ambiente promueve la biodiversidad biológica. Sin embargo, los efectos combinados de la elevación, la estacionalidad y el hábitat sobre la diversidad y abundancia de mariposas aún no han sido completamente explorados en ecosistemas tropicales rurales. Las mariposas, como bioindicadores, ofrecen una excelente oportunidad para evaluar los impactos ambientales debido a su sensibilidad a los cambios en el hábitat. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la variación en la abundancia de mariposas y la riqueza de especies a través de diferentes hábitats, elevaciones y estaciones en un paisaje montañoso tropical rural en Costa Rica. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo durante seis meses, abarcando tanto la temporada seca como la lluviosa. Se muestrearon mariposas a lo largo de un gradiente elevacional (1 200, 1 500 y 1 800 m) en dos tipos de hábitat: praderas y bosques riparios. Los métodos de muestreo incluyeron redes manuales y cebos de frutas en cada transecto y en cada sitio durante seis meses. Se realizaron seis visitas a cada sitio, con siete transectos muestreados por visita para capturar mariposas. Se registraron un total de 1 421 individuos representando 151 especies. Resultados: La familia Nymphalidae presentó la mayor riqueza de especies y abundancia. La abundancia de mariposas disminuyó con el aumento de la elevación, pero los patrones de riqueza de especies variaron según la familia. La variación estacional tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la abundancia y la riqueza, con valores más altos registrados durante la temporada de lluvias. Según la abundancia local, las especies raras se encontraron más comúnmente en bosques riparios a mayores elevaciones durante la temporada húmeda. El hábitat no influyó significativamente en la abundancia general de mariposas ni en la riqueza. Conclusiones: La estacionalidad y la elevación son factores clave que influyen en las poblaciones de mariposas en los ecosistemas montañosos tropicales. La falta de un efecto significativo del hábitat sugiere que otras variables ecológicas pueden mediar los impactos del hábitat. Se requieren más estudios para esclarecer estas dinámicas, particularmente el papel de la heterogeneidad del hábitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Revista de Biología Tropical is the property of Universidad de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Effect of elevation, habitat, and season in butterfly (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) assemblages in a tropical mountain.
– Name: TitleAlt
  Label: Alternate Title
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  Data: Efecto de la elevación, el hábitat y la estación en los ensamblajes de mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en una montaña tropical.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Matamoros-Calderón%2C+Wendolyn%22">Matamoros-Calderón, Wendolyn</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> wendolyn.matamoros@ucr.ac.cr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Murillo+Hiller%2C+Ricardo%22">Murillo Hiller, Ricardo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo><i> murillohiller@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cerdas+Cedeño%2C+Álvaro%22">Cerdas Cedeño, Álvaro</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><i> edchacon@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hanson+Snortum%2C+Paul%22">Hanson Snortum, Paul</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> phanson91@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Canet+Moya%2C+Noemi%22">Canet Moya, Noemi</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><i> alvaro.cerdascedeno@ucr.ac.cr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chacón-Madrigal%2C+Eduardo%22">Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo</searchLink><relatesTo>2,5</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Revista+de+Biología+Tropical%22">Revista de Biología Tropical</searchLink>. 2025 Supplement, Vol. 73, p1-15. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22BUTTERFLIES%22">BUTTERFLIES</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22SEASONS%22">SEASONS</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22NYMPHALIDAE%22">NYMPHALIDAE</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22HABITATS%22">HABITATS</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22LEPIDOPTERA%22">LEPIDOPTERA</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22ALTITUDES%22">ALTITUDES</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22TROPICAL+ecosystems%22">TROPICAL ecosystems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22BIODIVERSITY%22">BIODIVERSITY</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COSTA+Rica%22">COSTA Rica</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (English)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introduction: Spatial and temporal variation in the environment promotes biological diversity. However, the combined effects of elevation, seasonality, and habitat on butterfly diversity and abundance are still underexplored in rural tropical ecosystems. Butterflies, as bioindicators, offer an excellent opportunity to assess environmental impacts due to their sensitivity to habitat changes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the variation in butterfly abundance and species richness across different habitats, elevations, and seasons in a rural tropical mountain landscape in Costa Rica. Methods: The study was conducted over six months, encompassing both the dry and rainy seasons. Butterflies were sampled along an elevational gradient (1 200, 1 500, and 1 800 m) across two habitat types: grasslands and riparian forests. Sampling methods included hand nets and fruit baits along each transect and at each site over the six-month period. We made six visits to each site, with seven transects sampled per visit to capture butterflies. A total of 1 421 individuals representing 151 species were recorded. Results: The Nymphalidae family exhibited the highest species richness and abundance. Butterfly abundance decreased with increasing elevation, but patterns of species richness varied by family. Seasonal variation significantly affected both abundance and richness, with higher values recorded during the rainy season. Based on local abundance, rare species were more commonly found in riparian forests at higher elevations during the wet season. Habitat did not significantly influence overall butterfly abundance or richness. Conclusions: Seasonality and elevation influence butterfly populations in tropical mountain ecosystems. The lack of a significant habitat effect suggests that other ecological variables may mediate the impact of habitat on butterfly communities. Further studies are required to clarify these dynamics, particularly the role of habitat heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (Spanish)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introducción: La variación espacial y temporal en el ambiente promueve la biodiversidad biológica. Sin embargo, los efectos combinados de la elevación, la estacionalidad y el hábitat sobre la diversidad y abundancia de mariposas aún no han sido completamente explorados en ecosistemas tropicales rurales. Las mariposas, como bioindicadores, ofrecen una excelente oportunidad para evaluar los impactos ambientales debido a su sensibilidad a los cambios en el hábitat. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la variación en la abundancia de mariposas y la riqueza de especies a través de diferentes hábitats, elevaciones y estaciones en un paisaje montañoso tropical rural en Costa Rica. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo durante seis meses, abarcando tanto la temporada seca como la lluviosa. Se muestrearon mariposas a lo largo de un gradiente elevacional (1 200, 1 500 y 1 800 m) en dos tipos de hábitat: praderas y bosques riparios. Los métodos de muestreo incluyeron redes manuales y cebos de frutas en cada transecto y en cada sitio durante seis meses. Se realizaron seis visitas a cada sitio, con siete transectos muestreados por visita para capturar mariposas. Se registraron un total de 1 421 individuos representando 151 especies. Resultados: La familia Nymphalidae presentó la mayor riqueza de especies y abundancia. La abundancia de mariposas disminuyó con el aumento de la elevación, pero los patrones de riqueza de especies variaron según la familia. La variación estacional tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la abundancia y la riqueza, con valores más altos registrados durante la temporada de lluvias. Según la abundancia local, las especies raras se encontraron más comúnmente en bosques riparios a mayores elevaciones durante la temporada húmeda. El hábitat no influyó significativamente en la abundancia general de mariposas ni en la riqueza. Conclusiones: La estacionalidad y la elevación son factores clave que influyen en las poblaciones de mariposas en los ecosistemas montañosos tropicales. La falta de un efecto significativo del hábitat sugiere que otras variables ecológicas pueden mediar los impactos del hábitat. Se requieren más estudios para esclarecer estas dinámicas, particularmente el papel de la heterogeneidad del hábitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Revista de Biología Tropical is the property of Universidad de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: COSTA Rica
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