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HIV-1 genotyping and drug resistance mutations in Morocco (2009-2024): a systematic review addressing critical gaps in molecular surveillance.

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Title: HIV-1 genotyping and drug resistance mutations in Morocco (2009-2024): a systematic review addressing critical gaps in molecular surveillance.
Authors: Ahmina, Maryam1,2 (AUTHOR), Lamrak, Nada1,2 (AUTHOR), Annaz, Hicham El1,2,3 (AUTHOR) hichamelannaz74@gmail.com, Rida-Tagagidid, Mohamed1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Abi, Rachid1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Elqatni, Mohamed1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Laraqi, Abdelilah1,3 (AUTHOR), Elkochri, Safae3 (AUTHOR), Bouaiti, Elarbi2,3 (AUTHOR), Reggad, Ahmed1,3 (AUTHOR), Addi, Youssef3 (AUTHOR), Mchichi, Bouchra El1,3 (AUTHOR), Touil, Nadia1,3 (AUTHOR), Ennibi, Khalid1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Amine-Lahlou, and Idriss1,2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: AIDS Reviews. Jan-Mar2026, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p.
Subjects: DRUG resistance, ANTIRETROVIRAL agents, COUNTRIES, DOLUTEGRAVIR, MOLECULAR epidemiology, HIV infections, MOLECULAR diagnosis, GENETIC mutation
Geographic Terms: MOROCCO, NORTH Africa
Abstract: The growing use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection into a chronic, manageable disease, yet the emergence of drug resistance continues to threaten global progress. Morocco, located at the crossroads of Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe, offers a unique context for understanding the molecular evolution of HIV in the Middle East and North Africa. This systematic review synthesizes all available data on HIV-1 genotyping and resistance mutations in Morocco from 2009 to 2024, providing the first national overview of molecular resistance patterns. Six studies comprising 673 individuals met the inclusion criteria, spanning 2004-2015. Subtype B predominated (73.8%), followed by CRF02_AG (17.6%), reflecting increasing viral diversification linked to cross-regional transmission. Among ART-experienced patients, acquired drug resistance reached 19.5% at the population level and 53.3% among successfully sequenced samples, with NRTI (48.9%) and PI (22.2%) mutations predominating. The most frequent mutations were M184V (44%), K103N (8.9%), and V82A/L (13.3%). In ART-naïve individuals, transmitted resistance remained limited (1.55%), with no major integrase strand-transfer inhibitor mutations detected, though accessory polymorphisms such as L74M/I and E157Q were present in 3-5% of cases. CD4 counts and viral load suppression improved in later cohorts. These findings underline the critical need to re-establish molecular surveillance in Morocco to capture post-2019 resistance dynamics under dolutegravir-based therapy. Strengthening genotypic monitoring and integrating resistance testing into clinical care will be pivotal to preserving long-term ART efficacy and achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 and HIV elimination targets by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of AIDS Reviews is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: HIV-1 genotyping and drug resistance mutations in Morocco (2009-2024): a systematic review addressing critical gaps in molecular surveillance.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ahmina%2C+Maryam%22">Ahmina, Maryam</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lamrak%2C+Nada%22">Lamrak, Nada</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Annaz%2C+Hicham+El%22">Annaz, Hicham El</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hichamelannaz74@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rida-Tagagidid%2C+Mohamed%22">Rida-Tagagidid, Mohamed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abi%2C+Rachid%22">Abi, Rachid</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Elqatni%2C+Mohamed%22">Elqatni, Mohamed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Laraqi%2C+Abdelilah%22">Laraqi, Abdelilah</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Elkochri%2C+Safae%22">Elkochri, Safae</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bouaiti%2C+Elarbi%22">Bouaiti, Elarbi</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Reggad%2C+Ahmed%22">Reggad, Ahmed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Addi%2C+Youssef%22">Addi, Youssef</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mchichi%2C+Bouchra+El%22">Mchichi, Bouchra El</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Touil%2C+Nadia%22">Touil, Nadia</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ennibi%2C+Khalid%22">Ennibi, Khalid</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Amine-Lahlou%2C+and+Idriss%22">Amine-Lahlou, and Idriss</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22AIDS+Reviews%22">AIDS Reviews</searchLink>. Jan-Mar2026, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DRUG+resistance%22">DRUG resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22ANTIRETROVIRAL+agents%22">ANTIRETROVIRAL agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COUNTRIES%22">COUNTRIES</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DOLUTEGRAVIR%22">DOLUTEGRAVIR</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MOLECULAR+epidemiology%22">MOLECULAR epidemiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22HIV+infections%22">HIV infections</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MOLECULAR+diagnosis%22">MOLECULAR diagnosis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22GENETIC+mutation%22">GENETIC mutation</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MOROCCO%22">MOROCCO</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22NORTH+Africa%22">NORTH Africa</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The growing use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection into a chronic, manageable disease, yet the emergence of drug resistance continues to threaten global progress. Morocco, located at the crossroads of Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe, offers a unique context for understanding the molecular evolution of HIV in the Middle East and North Africa. This systematic review synthesizes all available data on HIV-1 genotyping and resistance mutations in Morocco from 2009 to 2024, providing the first national overview of molecular resistance patterns. Six studies comprising 673 individuals met the inclusion criteria, spanning 2004-2015. Subtype B predominated (73.8%), followed by CRF02_AG (17.6%), reflecting increasing viral diversification linked to cross-regional transmission. Among ART-experienced patients, acquired drug resistance reached 19.5% at the population level and 53.3% among successfully sequenced samples, with NRTI (48.9%) and PI (22.2%) mutations predominating. The most frequent mutations were M184V (44%), K103N (8.9%), and V82A/L (13.3%). In ART-naïve individuals, transmitted resistance remained limited (1.55%), with no major integrase strand-transfer inhibitor mutations detected, though accessory polymorphisms such as L74M/I and E157Q were present in 3-5% of cases. CD4 counts and viral load suppression improved in later cohorts. These findings underline the critical need to re-establish molecular surveillance in Morocco to capture post-2019 resistance dynamics under dolutegravir-based therapy. Strengthening genotypic monitoring and integrating resistance testing into clinical care will be pivotal to preserving long-term ART efficacy and achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 and HIV elimination targets by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of AIDS Reviews is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=lth&AN=192667539
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.24875/AIDSRev.25000022
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: DRUG resistance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: ANTIRETROVIRAL agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: COUNTRIES
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: DOLUTEGRAVIR
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: MOLECULAR epidemiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: HIV infections
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: MOLECULAR diagnosis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: GENETIC mutation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: MOROCCO
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: NORTH Africa
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: HIV-1 genotyping and drug resistance mutations in Morocco (2009-2024): a systematic review addressing critical gaps in molecular surveillance.
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              M: 01
              Text: Jan-Mar2026
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              Y: 2026
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