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Validity and reliability of GLIM malnutrition criteria in cardiac surgery.

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Title: Validity and reliability of GLIM malnutrition criteria in cardiac surgery.
Alternate Title: Validez y confiabilidad de los criterios de desnutrición GLIM en cirugía cardiaca.
Validade e confiabilidade dos critérios de desnutricão GLIM em cirurgia cardíaca.
Authors: Londoño-Pereira, Mateo1 mateolondonop@gmail.com, Agudelo-Cifuentes, Maite Catalina2 magudeloc@ces.edu.co, Múnera, Nora3 noramunera@gmail.com, Paredes, Sara3 sara_2583@hotmail.com, Londoño, Maritza3 mari_lode@gmail.com, Yepes, Mónica3 monica.yepes@gmail.com
Source: Revista Cuidarte. May-Aug2026, Vol. 17 Issue 2, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Malnutrition diagnosis, Prevention of surgical complications, Predictive tests, Surgery, Patients, T-test (Statistics), Nutritional assessment, Research evaluation, Fisher exact test, Multiple regression analysis, Preoperative care, Hospitals, Descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U Test, Chi-squared test, Longitudinal method, Odds ratio, Research methodology, Comparative studies, Data analysis software, Confidence intervals, Length of stay in hospitals, Anthropometry, Early diagnosis, Cardiac surgery, Inter-observer reliability, Sensitivity & specificity (Statistics)
Abstract (English): Introduction: Malnutrition is common in cardiac surgery patients and it's associated with adverse clinical outcomes. However, there are no validated criteria for the nutritional diagnosis in this population. Objective: To determine the criterion validity and inter-rater reliability of the GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition and the prediction of outcomes in cardiac surgery. Materials and Methods: Validation study in adults scheduled for cardiac surgery. Concurrent validity was established with the Subjective Global Assessment and the predictive validity with 30-day hospital readmission. Reliability was assessed with two professionals. The analyses and cut-off points of the GLIM validation guide were followed. Statistical processing was performed in R and Jamovi. Results: Inter-rater reliability of GLIM was demonstrated, with almost perfect agreement (Kappa 0.94, 95% CI 0.88-0.99, p<0.001), as well as its predictive validity for hospital readmission (RRa 2.59, 95% CI 1.09 - 7.02, p 0.04). Thresholds for concurrent validity were not met (sensitivity 88.0%, CI 95% 68.8-97.5%; specificity 76.9%, CI 95% 56.4-91.0%). Discussion: The lack of concurrent validity may be explained by differences in muscle mass estimation between diagnostic methods. The results are consistent with previous literature supporting the reliability and predictive ability of GLIM. Conclusion: GLIM criteria are reliable and predict relevant outcomes in cardiac surgery, supporting their usefulness for nutritional diagnosis and their potential application in the early identification of patients eligible for preoperative optimization interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (Spanish): Introducción: La desnutrición es frecuente en pacientes de cirugía cardiaca y se asocia con desenlaces clínicos adversos. Sin embargo, no existen criterios validados para el diagnóstico nutricional de esta población. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de criterio y la confiabilidad interevaluador de los criterios GLIM para el diagnóstico de desnutrición y la predicción de desenlaces en cirugía cardiaca. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de validación en adultos programados para cirugía cardiaca. La validez concurrente se estableció con la Valoración Global Subjetiva y la validez predictiva con el reingreso hospitalario a 30 días. La confiabilidad se evaluó con dos profesionales. Se siguieron los análisis y puntos de corte de la guía de validación de GLIM. El procesamiento estadístico se efectuó en R y Jamovi. Resultados: Se demostró la confiabilidad interevaluador de GLIM, con concordancia casi perfecta (Kappa 0,94, IC 95% 0,88-0,99, p<0,001), y su validez predictiva para reingreso hospitalario (RRa 2,59, IC 95% 1,09 - 7,02, p 0,04). No se alcanzaron los umbrales de validación concurrente (sensibilidad 88,0%, IC 95% 68,8-97,5%; especificidad 76,9%, IC 95% 56,4-91,0%). Discusión: La falta de validación concurrente podría explicarse por diferencias en la estimación de la masa muscular entre métodos diagnósticos. Los resultados coinciden con literatura previa que respalda la confiabilidad y capacidad predictiva de GLIM. Conclusión: Los criterios GLIM son confiables y predicen desenlaces relevantes en cirugía cardiaca, lo que respalda su utilidad para el diagnóstico nutricional y su potencial aplicación en la identificación temprana de pacientes candidatos a intervenciones de optimización preoperatoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (Portuguese): Introdução: A desnutrição é frequente em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca e está associada a desfechos clínicos adversos. No entanto, não existem critérios validados para o diagnóstico nutricional nessa população. Objetivo: Determinar a validade de critério e a confiabilidade entre avaliadores dos critérios GLIM para o diagnóstico de desnutrição e a predição de desfechos em cirurgia cardíaca. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de validação realizado em adultos candidatos à cirurgia cardíaca. A validade concorrente foi estabelecida com a Avaliação Global Subjetiva e a validade preditiva com a readmissão hospitalar em 30 dias. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por dois profissionais. As análises e pontos de corte seguiram o guia de validação dos critérios GLIM. O processamento estatístico foi realizado nos programas R e Jamovi. Resultados: Demonstrou-se a confiabilidade entre avaliadores dos critérios GLIM, com concordância quase perfeita (Kappa 0,94, IC 95% 0,88-0,99, p<0,001), e sua validade preditiva para readmissão hospitalar (RRa 2,59, IC 95% 1,09-7,02, p 0,04). Não foram alcançados os limiares de validade concorrente (sensibilidade 88,0%, IC 95% 68,8-97,5%; especificidade 76,9%, IC 95% 56,4-91,0%). Discussão: A ausência de validade concorrente pode ser explicada por diferenças na estimativa da massa muscular entre métodos diagnósticos. Os resultados são consistentes com a literatura prévia que respalda a confiabilidade e a capacidade preditiva dos critérios GLIM. Conclusão: Os critérios GLIM são confiáveis e predizem desfechos relevantes em cirurgia cardíaca, apoiando sua utilidade para o diagnóstico nutricional e seu potencial na identificação precoce de pacientes candidatos a intervenções de otimização pré-operatória. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Revista Cuidarte is the property of Universidad de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Validity and reliability of GLIM malnutrition criteria in cardiac surgery.
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  Data: Validez y confiabilidad de los criterios de desnutrici&#243;n GLIM en cirug&#237;a cardiaca.&lt;br /&gt;Validade e confiabilidade dos crit&#233;rios de desnutric&#227;o GLIM em cirurgia card&#237;aca.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Londo&#241;o-Pereira%2C+Mateo%22&quot;&gt;Londo&#241;o-Pereira, Mateo&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; mateolondonop@gmail.com&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Agudelo-Cifuentes%2C+Maite+Catalina%22&quot;&gt;Agudelo-Cifuentes, Maite Catalina&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; magudeloc@ces.edu.co&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22M&#250;nera%2C+Nora%22&quot;&gt;M&#250;nera, Nora&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; noramunera@gmail.com&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Paredes%2C+Sara%22&quot;&gt;Paredes, Sara&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; sara_2583@hotmail.com&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Londo&#241;o%2C+Maritza%22&quot;&gt;Londo&#241;o, Maritza&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; mari_lode@gmail.com&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Yepes%2C+M&#243;nica%22&quot;&gt;Yepes, M&#243;nica&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; monica.yepes@gmail.com&lt;/i&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Revista+Cuidarte%22&quot;&gt;Revista Cuidarte&lt;/searchLink&gt;. May-Aug2026, Vol. 17 Issue 2, p1-17. 17p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (English)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introduction: Malnutrition is common in cardiac surgery patients and it&#39;s associated with adverse clinical outcomes. However, there are no validated criteria for the nutritional diagnosis in this population. Objective: To determine the criterion validity and inter-rater reliability of the GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition and the prediction of outcomes in cardiac surgery. Materials and Methods: Validation study in adults scheduled for cardiac surgery. Concurrent validity was established with the Subjective Global Assessment and the predictive validity with 30-day hospital readmission. Reliability was assessed with two professionals. The analyses and cut-off points of the GLIM validation guide were followed. Statistical processing was performed in R and Jamovi. Results: Inter-rater reliability of GLIM was demonstrated, with almost perfect agreement (Kappa 0.94, 95% CI 0.88-0.99, p&lt;0.001), as well as its predictive validity for hospital readmission (RRa 2.59, 95% CI 1.09 - 7.02, p 0.04). Thresholds for concurrent validity were not met (sensitivity 88.0%, CI 95% 68.8-97.5%; specificity 76.9%, CI 95% 56.4-91.0%). Discussion: The lack of concurrent validity may be explained by differences in muscle mass estimation between diagnostic methods. The results are consistent with previous literature supporting the reliability and predictive ability of GLIM. Conclusion: GLIM criteria are reliable and predict relevant outcomes in cardiac surgery, supporting their usefulness for nutritional diagnosis and their potential application in the early identification of patients eligible for preoperative optimization interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (Spanish)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introducci&#243;n: La desnutrici&#243;n es frecuente en pacientes de cirug&#237;a cardiaca y se asocia con desenlaces cl&#237;nicos adversos. Sin embargo, no existen criterios validados para el diagn&#243;stico nutricional de esta poblaci&#243;n. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de criterio y la confiabilidad interevaluador de los criterios GLIM para el diagn&#243;stico de desnutrici&#243;n y la predicci&#243;n de desenlaces en cirug&#237;a cardiaca. Materiales y M&#233;todos: Estudio de validaci&#243;n en adultos programados para cirug&#237;a cardiaca. La validez concurrente se estableci&#243; con la Valoraci&#243;n Global Subjetiva y la validez predictiva con el reingreso hospitalario a 30 d&#237;as. La confiabilidad se evalu&#243; con dos profesionales. Se siguieron los an&#225;lisis y puntos de corte de la gu&#237;a de validaci&#243;n de GLIM. El procesamiento estad&#237;stico se efectu&#243; en R y Jamovi. Resultados: Se demostr&#243; la confiabilidad interevaluador de GLIM, con concordancia casi perfecta (Kappa 0,94, IC 95% 0,88-0,99, p&lt;0,001), y su validez predictiva para reingreso hospitalario (RRa 2,59, IC 95% 1,09 - 7,02, p 0,04). No se alcanzaron los umbrales de validaci&#243;n concurrente (sensibilidad 88,0%, IC 95% 68,8-97,5%; especificidad 76,9%, IC 95% 56,4-91,0%). Discusi&#243;n: La falta de validaci&#243;n concurrente podr&#237;a explicarse por diferencias en la estimaci&#243;n de la masa muscular entre m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. Los resultados coinciden con literatura previa que respalda la confiabilidad y capacidad predictiva de GLIM. Conclusi&#243;n: Los criterios GLIM son confiables y predicen desenlaces relevantes en cirug&#237;a cardiaca, lo que respalda su utilidad para el diagn&#243;stico nutricional y su potencial aplicaci&#243;n en la identificaci&#243;n temprana de pacientes candidatos a intervenciones de optimizaci&#243;n preoperatoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (Portuguese)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introdu&#231;&#227;o: A desnutri&#231;&#227;o &#233; frequente em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca e est&#225; associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos. No entanto, n&#227;o existem crit&#233;rios validados para o diagn&#243;stico nutricional nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Objetivo: Determinar a validade de crit&#233;rio e a confiabilidade entre avaliadores dos crit&#233;rios GLIM para o diagn&#243;stico de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e a predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos em cirurgia card&#237;aca. Materiais e M&#233;todos: Estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o realizado em adultos candidatos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. A validade concorrente foi estabelecida com a Avalia&#231;&#227;o Global Subjetiva e a validade preditiva com a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar em 30 dias. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por dois profissionais. As an&#225;lises e pontos de corte seguiram o guia de valida&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios GLIM. O processamento estat&#237;stico foi realizado nos programas R e Jamovi. Resultados: Demonstrou-se a confiabilidade entre avaliadores dos crit&#233;rios GLIM, com concord&#226;ncia quase perfeita (Kappa 0,94, IC 95% 0,88-0,99, p&lt;0,001), e sua validade preditiva para readmiss&#227;o hospitalar (RRa 2,59, IC 95% 1,09-7,02, p 0,04). N&#227;o foram alcan&#231;ados os limiares de validade concorrente (sensibilidade 88,0%, IC 95% 68,8-97,5%; especificidade 76,9%, IC 95% 56,4-91,0%). Discuss&#227;o: A aus&#234;ncia de validade concorrente pode ser explicada por diferen&#231;as na estimativa da massa muscular entre m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. Os resultados s&#227;o consistentes com a literatura pr&#233;via que respalda a confiabilidade e a capacidade preditiva dos crit&#233;rios GLIM. Conclus&#227;o: Os crit&#233;rios GLIM s&#227;o confi&#225;veis e predizem desfechos relevantes em cirurgia card&#237;aca, apoiando sua utilidade para o diagn&#243;stico nutricional e seu potencial na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de pacientes candidatos a interven&#231;&#245;es de otimiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Revista Cuidarte is the property of Universidad de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.15649/cuidarte.5046
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Malnutrition diagnosis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Prevention of surgical complications
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Predictive tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surgery
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      – SubjectFull: Patients
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      – SubjectFull: T-test (Statistics)
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      – SubjectFull: Nutritional assessment
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      – SubjectFull: Research evaluation
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      – SubjectFull: Fisher exact test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multiple regression analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Preoperative care
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hospitals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mann Whitney U Test
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      – SubjectFull: Chi-squared test
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      – SubjectFull: Longitudinal method
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      – SubjectFull: Odds ratio
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      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
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      – SubjectFull: Length of stay in hospitals
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      – SubjectFull: Anthropometry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Early diagnosis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cardiac surgery
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      – SubjectFull: Inter-observer reliability
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      – SubjectFull: Sensitivity & specificity (Statistics)
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      – TitleFull: Validity and reliability of GLIM malnutrition criteria in cardiac surgery.
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              Text: May-Aug2026
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