FORMACIÓN DE NEURONAS NUEVAS EN EL HIPOCAMPO ADULTO: NEUROGÉNESIS.
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| Title: | FORMACIÓN DE NEURONAS NUEVAS EN EL HIPOCAMPO ADULTO: NEUROGÉNESIS. |
|---|---|
| Alternate Title: | The new neuron formation in the adult hippocampus: Neurogenesis. |
| Authors: | Ramírez-Rodriguez, Gerardo1,2 Gerardo-Ramirez.Rodriguez@mdc-berlin.de, Benítez-King, Gloria1, Kempermann, Gerd2 |
| Source: | Salud Mental. may2007, Vol. 30 Issue 3, p12-19. 8p. |
| Subjects: | HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain), STEM cells, NEURODEGENERATION, NEURON development, DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology, ALTMAN, Joseph |
| Abstract (English): | New neuron formation in the adult brain was an interesting finding that extended the knowledge about brain plasticity. In 1966 Joseph Altman reported the incorporation of tritiated thymidine to neural cell DNA. This finding indicated the proliferation event in the adult brain. After twenty years of this finding, new information was generated that confirmed the new neuron formation in the adulthood. In this review, we will mention different aspects of the new neuron formation process called neurogenesis, as well as some of the factors that modulate such process, citing the information already known about the neuronal development stages that take place for the new neuron formation in the hippocampus. Finally, we will review some evidence about the neurogenic process in depression and in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the possible role of the new neurons when they are integrated into the neuronal network. In the adult brain there are two regions where new neuron formation process takes place: the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus. New neurons are derived from neural stem cells, which reside in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Neural stem cells may proliferate and generate the rapid amplifying progenitor and neuroblast populations. These populations will migrate and differentiate in neurons to finally be integrated into the neuronal network. In the adult brain, neural stem cells have radial glial features expressing specific markers as the glial fibrilar acidic protein (GFAP), as well as the un-differentiated cell marker nestin. This characteristic makes suitable neural stem cells identification. Thus, the new neurons can be identified by both the specific marker expression and by electrophysiological properties. The different cell development stages during the neurogenic process have been characterized in the subventricular zone as well as in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. In addition to the radial-glia features, neural stem cells show a slowly dividing ratio and once the neural stem cells divide by asymmetric division a rapid amplifying progenitor population is generated. In the hippocampus, phenotype analysis had allowed cell classification in three different types according to the kind of protein marker expression. These progenitors are generated during the expansion phase by symmetric cell division. Type 2a and 2b present short neuritic processes parallel to the granular cell layer and the Type 3 present longer processes integrated into the granular cell layer. During this step, where the migration and cell fate decision take place, the cells express different markers as the microtubule associated protein doublecortin, the homeobox gene related to the Drosophila gene prospero Prox-1 and the neuron-specific nuclear protein Neu-N. Once the cells exit the cell cycle, immature neurons are generated showing longer dendritic processes crossing the granular cell layer. These immature neurons will fully differentiate to be integrated into the neuronal network. At this final stage the cells are fully differentiated and the new neurons express specific markers as the calcium binding protein calbindin and their electrophysiological properties are similar to the old neurons. Neurogenesis is a complex process that is modulated and regulated by different factors. One of these is the niche which is formed by the neural stem cells, astrocytes and endothelial cells. Adult neural stem cells proliferate and differentiate depending on the cellular and molecular composition of the niche. The three components work in synchrony in both neurogenic areas with active proliferation.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Abstract (Spanish): | El hallazgo de la formación de neuronas nuevas revolucionó el concepto de que el cerebro era el único órgano incapaz de regenerarse y, por lo tanto, que era estático. Este concepto implica que el cerebro es un órgano plástico que responde a diversos factores, los cuales pueden influir positiva o negativamente en la formación de neuronas nuevas, las cuales a su vez pueden generar un efecto benéfico para el cerebro. Desde 1966 se encontraron evidencias que apoyaban la formación de neuronas nuevas en el cerebro. Veinte años después, los estudios continuaron para confirmar esos primeros hallazgos. Desde entonces se sabe que existen dos regiones en el cerebro adulto donde se lleva a cabo la formación de neuronas nuevas: el bulbo olfatorio y el hipocampo. Estas neuronas nuevas derivan de las células pluripotenciales residentes en la zona subventricular de los ventrículos laterales y en la zona subgranular del giro dentado, respectivamente. Estas dos regiones del cerebro presentan características importantes que permiten que se lleve a cabo el proceso de formación de neuronas nuevas llamado neurogénesis. La neurogénesis es un proceso complejo que involucra diversas etapas, como la proliferación de las células pluripotenciales, la migración, la diferenciación, la sobrevivencia de las neuronas nuevas, así como la integración de éstas en los circuitos neuronales existentes. Los cambios morfológicos de las células que participan en el proceso de la neurogénesis han permitido identificar diversas características dependiendo de los marcadores proteicos expresados temporalmente. Estos marcadores pueden ser proteínas estructurales como los componentes del citoesqueleto (microtúbulos, microfilamentos y filamentos intermedios), proteínas asociadas a dichos componentes o factores de transcripción. Las células pluripotenciales presentan características de la glía radial, que expresan el marcador conocido como proteína fibrilar acídica de la glía (GFAP, por sus siglas en inglés), así como el marcador para células no diferenciadas que es la nestina. Los diferentes estadios de desarrollo de las células durante el proceso de formación de neuronas nuevas han sido caracterizados en ambas regiones que presentan neurogénesis constitutiva. En la zona subgranular del giro dentado, las células pluripotenciales expresan nestina, la proteína de unión a lípidos del cerebro (BLBP, en inglés) y GFAP. Esta población celular se caracteriza por tener una baja tasa de división celular. Una vez que estas células se dividen, dan lugar a una población que se amplifica rápidamente, de la cual se generan por división simétrica las células progenitoras de tipo 2 y 3. Las células progenitoras tipo 2a y 2b presentan procesos neuríticos cortos paralelos a la zona granular del giro dentado; en cambio, las de tipo 3 presentan procesos largos integrados en la capa granular. Durante esta etapa se inician los eventos de migración y de diferenciación temprana, y las células expresan la proteína asociada a microtúbulos doblecortina, el factor de transcripción "Prox1" y la proteína nuclear neuronal específica "NeuN". Una vez que las células salen del ciclo celular, se generan las neuronas inmaduras caracterizadas por procesos dendríticos largos que cru Salud Mental, Vol. 30, No. 3, mayo-junio 2007 14 zan la capa granular del giro dentado. Estas neuronas inmaduras van a diferenciarse en su totalidad para integrarse en los circuitos neuronales.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Salud Mental is the property of Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: FORMACIÓN DE NEURONAS NUEVAS EN EL HIPOCAMPO ADULTO: NEUROGÉNESIS. – Name: TitleAlt Label: Alternate Title Group: TiAlt Data: The new neuron formation in the adult hippocampus: Neurogenesis. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramírez-Rodriguez%2C+Gerardo%22">Ramírez-Rodriguez, Gerardo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> Gerardo-Ramirez.Rodriguez@mdc-berlin.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Benítez-King%2C+Gloria%22">Benítez-King, Gloria</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kempermann%2C+Gerd%22">Kempermann, Gerd</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Salud+Mental%22">Salud Mental</searchLink>. may2007, Vol. 30 Issue 3, p12-19. 8p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22HIPPOCAMPUS+%28Brain%29%22">HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22STEM+cells%22">STEM cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22NEURODEGENERATION%22">NEURODEGENERATION</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22NEURON+development%22">NEURON development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DEVELOPMENTAL+neurobiology%22">DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22ALTMAN%2C+Joseph%22">ALTMAN, Joseph</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract (English) Group: Ab Data: New neuron formation in the adult brain was an interesting finding that extended the knowledge about brain plasticity. In 1966 Joseph Altman reported the incorporation of tritiated thymidine to neural cell DNA. This finding indicated the proliferation event in the adult brain. After twenty years of this finding, new information was generated that confirmed the new neuron formation in the adulthood. In this review, we will mention different aspects of the new neuron formation process called neurogenesis, as well as some of the factors that modulate such process, citing the information already known about the neuronal development stages that take place for the new neuron formation in the hippocampus. Finally, we will review some evidence about the neurogenic process in depression and in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the possible role of the new neurons when they are integrated into the neuronal network. In the adult brain there are two regions where new neuron formation process takes place: the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus. New neurons are derived from neural stem cells, which reside in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Neural stem cells may proliferate and generate the rapid amplifying progenitor and neuroblast populations. These populations will migrate and differentiate in neurons to finally be integrated into the neuronal network. In the adult brain, neural stem cells have radial glial features expressing specific markers as the glial fibrilar acidic protein (GFAP), as well as the un-differentiated cell marker nestin. This characteristic makes suitable neural stem cells identification. Thus, the new neurons can be identified by both the specific marker expression and by electrophysiological properties. The different cell development stages during the neurogenic process have been characterized in the subventricular zone as well as in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. In addition to the radial-glia features, neural stem cells show a slowly dividing ratio and once the neural stem cells divide by asymmetric division a rapid amplifying progenitor population is generated. In the hippocampus, phenotype analysis had allowed cell classification in three different types according to the kind of protein marker expression. These progenitors are generated during the expansion phase by symmetric cell division. Type 2a and 2b present short neuritic processes parallel to the granular cell layer and the Type 3 present longer processes integrated into the granular cell layer. During this step, where the migration and cell fate decision take place, the cells express different markers as the microtubule associated protein doublecortin, the homeobox gene related to the Drosophila gene prospero Prox-1 and the neuron-specific nuclear protein Neu-N. Once the cells exit the cell cycle, immature neurons are generated showing longer dendritic processes crossing the granular cell layer. These immature neurons will fully differentiate to be integrated into the neuronal network. At this final stage the cells are fully differentiated and the new neurons express specific markers as the calcium binding protein calbindin and their electrophysiological properties are similar to the old neurons. Neurogenesis is a complex process that is modulated and regulated by different factors. One of these is the niche which is formed by the neural stem cells, astrocytes and endothelial cells. Adult neural stem cells proliferate and differentiate depending on the cellular and molecular composition of the niche. The three components work in synchrony in both neurogenic areas with active proliferation.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract (Spanish) Group: Ab Data: El hallazgo de la formación de neuronas nuevas revolucionó el concepto de que el cerebro era el único órgano incapaz de regenerarse y, por lo tanto, que era estático. Este concepto implica que el cerebro es un órgano plástico que responde a diversos factores, los cuales pueden influir positiva o negativamente en la formación de neuronas nuevas, las cuales a su vez pueden generar un efecto benéfico para el cerebro. Desde 1966 se encontraron evidencias que apoyaban la formación de neuronas nuevas en el cerebro. Veinte años después, los estudios continuaron para confirmar esos primeros hallazgos. Desde entonces se sabe que existen dos regiones en el cerebro adulto donde se lleva a cabo la formación de neuronas nuevas: el bulbo olfatorio y el hipocampo. Estas neuronas nuevas derivan de las células pluripotenciales residentes en la zona subventricular de los ventrículos laterales y en la zona subgranular del giro dentado, respectivamente. Estas dos regiones del cerebro presentan características importantes que permiten que se lleve a cabo el proceso de formación de neuronas nuevas llamado neurogénesis. La neurogénesis es un proceso complejo que involucra diversas etapas, como la proliferación de las células pluripotenciales, la migración, la diferenciación, la sobrevivencia de las neuronas nuevas, así como la integración de éstas en los circuitos neuronales existentes. Los cambios morfológicos de las células que participan en el proceso de la neurogénesis han permitido identificar diversas características dependiendo de los marcadores proteicos expresados temporalmente. Estos marcadores pueden ser proteínas estructurales como los componentes del citoesqueleto (microtúbulos, microfilamentos y filamentos intermedios), proteínas asociadas a dichos componentes o factores de transcripción. Las células pluripotenciales presentan características de la glía radial, que expresan el marcador conocido como proteína fibrilar acídica de la glía (GFAP, por sus siglas en inglés), así como el marcador para células no diferenciadas que es la nestina. Los diferentes estadios de desarrollo de las células durante el proceso de formación de neuronas nuevas han sido caracterizados en ambas regiones que presentan neurogénesis constitutiva. En la zona subgranular del giro dentado, las células pluripotenciales expresan nestina, la proteína de unión a lípidos del cerebro (BLBP, en inglés) y GFAP. Esta población celular se caracteriza por tener una baja tasa de división celular. Una vez que estas células se dividen, dan lugar a una población que se amplifica rápidamente, de la cual se generan por división simétrica las células progenitoras de tipo 2 y 3. Las células progenitoras tipo 2a y 2b presentan procesos neuríticos cortos paralelos a la zona granular del giro dentado; en cambio, las de tipo 3 presentan procesos largos integrados en la capa granular. Durante esta etapa se inician los eventos de migración y de diferenciación temprana, y las células expresan la proteína asociada a microtúbulos doblecortina, el factor de transcripción "Prox1" y la proteína nuclear neuronal específica "NeuN". Una vez que las células salen del ciclo celular, se generan las neuronas inmaduras caracterizadas por procesos dendríticos largos que cru Salud Mental, Vol. 30, No. 3, mayo-junio 2007 14 zan la capa granular del giro dentado. Estas neuronas inmaduras van a diferenciarse en su totalidad para integrarse en los circuitos neuronales.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Salud Mental is the property of Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Languages: – Code: spa Text: Spanish PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 8 StartPage: 12 Subjects: – SubjectFull: HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain) Type: general – SubjectFull: STEM cells Type: general – SubjectFull: NEURODEGENERATION Type: general – SubjectFull: NEURON development Type: general – SubjectFull: DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology Type: general – SubjectFull: ALTMAN, Joseph Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: FORMACIÓN DE NEURONAS NUEVAS EN EL HIPOCAMPO ADULTO: NEUROGÉNESIS. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ramírez-Rodriguez, Gerardo – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Benítez-King, Gloria – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kempermann, Gerd IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 05 Text: may2007 Type: published Y: 2007 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 01853325 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 30 – Type: issue Value: 3 Titles: – TitleFull: Salud Mental Type: main |
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