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An eyecare foundation model for clinical assistance: a randomized controlled trial.

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Title: An eyecare foundation model for clinical assistance: a randomized controlled trial.
Authors: Wu Y; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Qian B; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China., Li T; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Qin Y; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Guan Z; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China., Chen T; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Health and Medical Centre, Wuxi, China., Jia Y; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA., Zhang P; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA., Zeng D; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Moroi S; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA., Raman R; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA., Thinggaard BS; Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.; Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark., Pedersen F; Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark., Ñehe JAO; Department of Ophthalmology, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea., Kamalden TA; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., Zhou Y; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK., Jin Y; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Li H; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China., Ran AR; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Yang D; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Meng Z; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Peng Q; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore., Zheng YF; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China., Wang D; Department of Ophthalmology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China., Ji H; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Zang P; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA., Yin C; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA., Shen J; Medical Records and Statistics Office, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Chen Y; Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China., Yu W; Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China., Dai R; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China., Zhang C; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.; Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China., Zhao X; Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China., Wang X; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Chen Y; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Wu Q; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Xie H; Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Center, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China., Szeto SKH; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Chan JYY; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Chan VTT; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Xie HT; Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China., Wei R; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China., Li J; Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Ma W; Institute for AI Industry Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Zhu L; ROAS Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Wang H; ROAS Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China., Fu H; Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore., Wang W; Key Laboratory of River Basic Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region, Taipa, China., Lin S; Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China., Xu Z; Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China., Guan N; Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China., Zhang X; The People's Hospital of Sixian County, Anhui, China., Grzybowski A; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland., Gołębiowska-Bogaj M; Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, Wejherowo, Poland., Gawęcki M; Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, Wejherowo, Poland., Smedowski A; Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.; Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.; GlaucoTech Co., Katowice, Poland., Szaraniec W; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.; Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland., Wu Y; School of Healthcare Management, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Wen Y; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China., Chen X; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Yao Y; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Lim LL; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.; Baker Heart and Diabetes Insitute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia., Cheung CY; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore., Tan GSW; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore., Grauslund J; Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark., Ruamviboonsuk P; Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand., Sivaprasad S; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Keane PA; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China., Wang YX; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China., Tham YC; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore., Cheng CY; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore., Wong TY; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn., Sheng B; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.
Corporate Authors: EyeFM Global Reader Study Team
Source: Nature medicine [Nat Med] 2025 Oct; Vol. 31 (10), pp. 3404-3413. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 28.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Company Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9502015 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1546-170X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10788956 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+T%22">Li T</searchLink>; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Qin+Y%22">Qin Y</searchLink>; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guan+Z%22">Guan Z</searchLink>; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+T%22">Chen T</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Health and Medical Centre, Wuxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jia+Y%22">Jia Y</searchLink>; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+P%22">Zhang P</searchLink>; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zeng+D%22">Zeng D</searchLink>; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Moroi+S%22">Moroi S</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Raman+R%22">Raman R</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Thinggaard+BS%22">Thinggaard BS</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.; Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pedersen+F%22">Pedersen F</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ñehe+JAO%22">Ñehe JAO</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kamalden+TA%22">Kamalden TA</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+Y%22">Zhou Y</searchLink>; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jin+Y%22">Jin Y</searchLink>; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+H%22">Li H</searchLink>; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ran+AR%22">Ran AR</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yang+D%22">Yang D</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Meng+Z%22">Meng Z</searchLink>; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Peng+Q%22">Peng Q</searchLink>; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zheng+YF%22">Zheng YF</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+D%22">Wang D</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ji+H%22">Ji H</searchLink>; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zang+P%22">Zang P</searchLink>; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yin+C%22">Yin C</searchLink>; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shen+J%22">Shen J</searchLink>; Medical Records and Statistics Office, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+Y%22">Chen Y</searchLink>; Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yu+W%22">Yu W</searchLink>; Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; 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Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+X%22">Zhao X</searchLink>; Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+X%22">Wang X</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+Y%22">Chen Y</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wu+Q%22">Wu Q</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xie+H%22">Xie H</searchLink>; Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Center, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Szeto+SKH%22">Szeto SKH</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chan+JYY%22">Chan JYY</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chan+VTT%22">Chan VTT</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xie+HT%22">Xie HT</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wei+R%22">Wei R</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+J%22">Li J</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ma+W%22">Ma W</searchLink>; Institute for AI Industry Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhu+L%22">Zhu L</searchLink>; ROAS Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+H%22">Wang H</searchLink>; ROAS Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fu+H%22">Fu H</searchLink>; Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+W%22">Wang W</searchLink>; Key Laboratory of River Basic Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region, Taipa, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lin+S%22">Lin S</searchLink>; Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xu+Z%22">Xu Z</searchLink>; Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guan+N%22">Guan N</searchLink>; Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+X%22">Zhang X</searchLink>; The People's Hospital of Sixian County, Anhui, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Grzybowski+A%22">Grzybowski A</searchLink>; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gołębiowska-Bogaj+M%22">Gołębiowska-Bogaj M</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, Wejherowo, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gawęcki+M%22">Gawęcki M</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, Wejherowo, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Smedowski+A%22">Smedowski A</searchLink>; Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.; Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.; GlaucoTech Co., Katowice, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Szaraniec+W%22">Szaraniec W</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.; Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wu+Y%22">Wu Y</searchLink>; School of Healthcare Management, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.; Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wen+Y%22">Wen Y</searchLink>; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+X%22">Chen X</searchLink>; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yao+Y%22">Yao Y</searchLink>; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lim+LL%22">Lim LL</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.; Baker Heart and Diabetes Insitute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cheung+CY%22">Cheung CY</searchLink>; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tan+GSW%22">Tan GSW</searchLink>; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Grauslund+J%22">Grauslund J</searchLink>; Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ruamviboonsuk+P%22">Ruamviboonsuk P</searchLink>; Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sivaprasad+S%22">Sivaprasad S</searchLink>; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Keane+PA%22">Keane PA</searchLink>; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+YX%22">Wang YX</searchLink>; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tham+YC%22">Tham YC</searchLink>; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cheng+CY%22">Cheng CY</searchLink>; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.; Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wong+TY%22">Wong TY</searchLink>; Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sheng+B%22">Sheng B</searchLink>; Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.; MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. shengbin@sjtu.edu.cn.
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