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Effect of opt-in versus opt-out framing on trial recruitment: a study within a trial of the GAMEPAD randomized trial.

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Title: Effect of opt-in versus opt-out framing on trial recruitment: a study within a trial of the GAMEPAD randomized trial.
Authors: Shah T; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Coratti S; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Farraday D; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Norton L; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Rareshide C; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Zhu J; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Levin MG; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA., Park SH; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA., Damrauer SM; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Giri JS; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Chokshi NP; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Digital Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA., Jackson BM; Division of Vascular Surgery, Lehigh Valley Heart and Vascular Institute, Allentown, PA., Patel MS; Ascension Health, St. Louis, MO., Fanaroff AC; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Digital Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: alexander.fanaroff@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
Source: American heart journal [Am Heart J] 2026 Feb; Vol. 292, pp. 107285. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 03.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal Info: Publisher: Mosby Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0370465 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1097-6744 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00028703 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am Heart J Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shah+T%22">Shah T</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Coratti+S%22">Coratti S</searchLink>; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Farraday+D%22">Farraday D</searchLink>; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Norton+L%22">Norton L</searchLink>; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rareshide+C%22">Rareshide C</searchLink>; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhu+J%22">Zhu J</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Levin+MG%22">Levin MG</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Park+SH%22">Park SH</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Damrauer+SM%22">Damrauer SM</searchLink>; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Giri+JS%22">Giri JS</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chokshi+NP%22">Chokshi NP</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Digital Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jackson+BM%22">Jackson BM</searchLink>; Division of Vascular Surgery, Lehigh Valley Heart and Vascular Institute, Allentown, PA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Patel+MS%22">Patel MS</searchLink>; Ascension Health, St. Louis, MO.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fanaroff+AC%22">Fanaroff AC</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Center for Digital Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: alexander.fanaroff@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220370465%22">American heart journal</searchLink> [Am Heart J] 2026 Feb; Vol. 292, pp. 107285. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Oct 03.
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        Value: 10.1016/j.ahj.2025.107285
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        Text: English
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