Endemic penetrance of SARS-CoV-2 has impacted marginally on immunity to spike protein of human coronaviruses.

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Title: Endemic penetrance of SARS-CoV-2 has impacted marginally on immunity to spike protein of human coronaviruses.
Authors: Lancaster T; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Tut G; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Sylla P; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Bone D; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Bentley C; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Spalkova E; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Jadir A; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Bruton R; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Spencer K; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Mallick S; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Elzaidi A; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Plass S; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Kaur N; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Butler M; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Hulme S; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Dowell AC; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK., Krutikov M; UCL Institute of Health Informatics, London, UK., Stirrup O; UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK., Azmi B; UCL Institute of Health Informatics, London, UK., Hayward A; Health Data Research, London, UK.; UK Health Security Agency, London, UK., Copas A; UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK., Shallcross L; UCL Institute of Health Informatics, London, UK., Moss P; School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. p.moss@bham.ac.uk.; University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. p.moss@bham.ac.uk.
Source: Communications biology [Commun Biol] 2026 Jan 03; Vol. 9 (1), pp. 196. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jan 03.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101719179 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2399-3642 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23993642 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Commun Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
Description
ISSN:2399-3642
DOI:10.1038/s42003-025-09474-x