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Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017-2025: An update) - endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN).

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Title: Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017-2025: An update) - endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN).
Authors: Antal A; Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany., Bjekić J; Human Neuroscience Group, Centre for Neuroscience and Neuromodulation, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: jovana.bjekic@imi.bg.ac.rs., Ganho-Ávila A; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Coimbra 3000-315, Portugal; Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal., Alekseichuk I; Stephen M. Stahl Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA., Assecondi S; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy., Bergmann TO; Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany., Bikson M; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, NY, USA., Brunelin J; CH Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028, UMR5292, PsyR2 Team, F-69500 Bron, France., Brunoni AR; Department of Psychiatry and Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA., Charvet L; Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA., Chen R; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Cohen Kadosh R; School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Cognite Neurotechnology Ltd, Oxford, UK., Diedrich L; Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany., D'Urso G; Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy., Ferrucci R; Department of Oncology and Emato-Oncology of University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy., Filipović SR; Human Neuroscience Group, Centre for Neuroscience and Neuromodulation, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia., Fitzgerald PB; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia., Flöel A; Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Standort Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany., Fröhlich F; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA., George MS; Brain Stimulation Division, Medical University of South Carolina, and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA., Hamilton RH; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Haueisen J; Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany., Hallett M; Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA., Herrmann CS; Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany., Hummel FC; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX), EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland; Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland., Jaberzadeh S; Monash University, Victoria 3199, Australia., Langguth B; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg at Bezirksklinikum, Germany., Lavidor M; Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel., Lefaucheur JP; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France; UR 4391, Nerve Excitability and Therapeutic team (ENT), Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France., Miniussi C; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy., Moliadze V; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany., Nikander M; Sooma Oy, Atomitie 5C, Helsinki, Finland., Nikolin S; University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia., Nitsche MA; Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), Bochum, Germany; Bielefeld University, University Hospital OWL, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany., Opitz A; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA., O'Shea J; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK., Padberg F; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Neurostimulation (CNS), LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site Munich-Augsburg, Munich, Germany., Plewnia C; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany., Priori A; Clinica Neurologica III, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy., Ramasawmy P; Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany., Razza LB; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium., Rossi S; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, University of Siena, Italy., Rothwell J; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK., Rueger MA; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Cologne, Germany., Ruffini G; Neuroelectrics, Av. Tibidabo 47bis, 08035 Barcelona, Spain., Sack AT; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands (the)., Salvador R; Neuroelectrics, Av. Tibidabo 47bis, 08035 Barcelona, Spain., Schellhorn K; Neurocare Group AG, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, Ilmenau, Germany., Schuhmann T; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands (the)., Shirota Y; Department of Clinical Laboratory, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan., Siebner HR; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Thielscher A; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark., Ugawa Y; Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Japan., Uusitalo S; Department of History, Culture and Communication Studies/ Philosophy, University of Oulu, Finland., Wexler A; Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Paulus W; Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany., Vanderhasselt MA; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium., Van Waes V; Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, INSERM, UMR 1322 LINC, F-25000 Besançon, France., Wessel MJ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany., Wischnewski M; Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (the)., Baeken C; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium; Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation Research Group (NEUR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands (the)., Ziemann U; Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Source: Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology [Clin Neurophysiol] 2026 Apr; Vol. 184, pp. 2111436. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 23.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 100883319 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1872-8952 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13882457 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Neurophysiol Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017-2025: An update) - endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN).
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Antal+A%22">Antal A</searchLink>; Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bjekić+J%22">Bjekić J</searchLink>; Human Neuroscience Group, Centre for Neuroscience and Neuromodulation, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: jovana.bjekic@imi.bg.ac.rs.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ganho-Ávila+A%22">Ganho-Ávila A</searchLink>; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, Coimbra 3000-315, Portugal; Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Alekseichuk+I%22">Alekseichuk I</searchLink>; Stephen M. Stahl Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Assecondi+S%22">Assecondi S</searchLink>; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bergmann+TO%22">Bergmann TO</searchLink>; Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bikson+M%22">Bikson M</searchLink>; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Brunelin+J%22">Brunelin J</searchLink>; CH Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028, UMR5292, PsyR2 Team, F-69500 Bron, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Brunoni+AR%22">Brunoni AR</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Charvet+L%22">Charvet L</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+R%22">Chen R</searchLink>; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cohen+Kadosh+R%22">Cohen Kadosh R</searchLink>; School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Cognite Neurotechnology Ltd, Oxford, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Diedrich+L%22">Diedrich L</searchLink>; Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22D'Urso+G%22">D'Urso G</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ferrucci+R%22">Ferrucci R</searchLink>; Department of Oncology and Emato-Oncology of University of Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Filipović+SR%22">Filipović SR</searchLink>; Human Neuroscience Group, Centre for Neuroscience and Neuromodulation, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fitzgerald+PB%22">Fitzgerald PB</searchLink>; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Flöel+A%22">Flöel A</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Standort Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fröhlich+F%22">Fröhlich F</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22George+MS%22">George MS</searchLink>; Brain Stimulation Division, Medical University of South Carolina, and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hamilton+RH%22">Hamilton RH</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Haueisen+J%22">Haueisen J</searchLink>; Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hallett+M%22">Hallett M</searchLink>; Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Herrmann+CS%22">Herrmann CS</searchLink>; Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hummel+FC%22">Hummel FC</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX), EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation Sion, Switzerland; Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jaberzadeh+S%22">Jaberzadeh S</searchLink>; Monash University, Victoria 3199, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Langguth+B%22">Langguth B</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg at Bezirksklinikum, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lavidor+M%22">Lavidor M</searchLink>; Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lefaucheur+JP%22">Lefaucheur JP</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France; UR 4391, Nerve Excitability and Therapeutic team (ENT), Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Miniussi+C%22">Miniussi C</searchLink>; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Moliadze+V%22">Moliadze V</searchLink>; Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nikander+M%22">Nikander M</searchLink>; Sooma Oy, Atomitie 5C, Helsinki, Finland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nikolin+S%22">Nikolin S</searchLink>; University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nitsche+MA%22">Nitsche MA</searchLink>; Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), Bochum, Germany; Bielefeld University, University Hospital OWL, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Opitz+A%22">Opitz A</searchLink>; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22O'Shea+J%22">O'Shea J</searchLink>; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Padberg+F%22">Padberg F</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Neurostimulation (CNS), LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site Munich-Augsburg, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Plewnia+C%22">Plewnia C</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Priori+A%22">Priori A</searchLink>; Clinica Neurologica III, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ramasawmy+P%22">Ramasawmy P</searchLink>; Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Razza+LB%22">Razza LB</searchLink>; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rossi+S%22">Rossi S</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab, University of Siena, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rothwell+J%22">Rothwell J</searchLink>; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rueger+MA%22">Rueger MA</searchLink>; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Cologne, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ruffini+G%22">Ruffini G</searchLink>; Neuroelectrics, Av. Tibidabo 47bis, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sack+AT%22">Sack AT</searchLink>; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands (the).<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Salvador+R%22">Salvador R</searchLink>; Neuroelectrics, Av. Tibidabo 47bis, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schellhorn+K%22">Schellhorn K</searchLink>; Neurocare Group AG, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, Ilmenau, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schuhmann+T%22">Schuhmann T</searchLink>; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands (the).<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shirota+Y%22">Shirota Y</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Laboratory, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Siebner+HR%22">Siebner HR</searchLink>; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Thielscher+A%22">Thielscher A</searchLink>; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ugawa+Y%22">Ugawa Y</searchLink>; Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Uusitalo+S%22">Uusitalo S</searchLink>; Department of History, Culture and Communication Studies/ Philosophy, University of Oulu, Finland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wexler+A%22">Wexler A</searchLink>; Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Paulus+W%22">Paulus W</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vanderhasselt+MA%22">Vanderhasselt MA</searchLink>; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Van+Waes+V%22">Van Waes V</searchLink>; Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, INSERM, UMR 1322 LINC, F-25000 Besançon, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wessel+MJ%22">Wessel MJ</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wischnewski+M%22">Wischnewski M</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (the).<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Baeken+C%22">Baeken C</searchLink>; Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium; Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation Research Group (NEUR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands (the).<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ziemann+U%22">Ziemann U</searchLink>; Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22100883319%22">Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology</searchLink> [Clin Neurophysiol] 2026 Apr; Vol. 184, pp. 2111436. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Nov 23.
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: 2026 Apr
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1872-8952
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 184
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
              Type: main
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