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The neutralizing antibody titer correlate of COVID-19 risk in the COVID-19 variant immunologic landscape (COVAIL) trial was not modified by SARS-CoV-2 amino acid sequence distances.

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Title: The neutralizing antibody titer correlate of COVID-19 risk in the COVID-19 variant immunologic landscape (COVAIL) trial was not modified by SARS-CoV-2 amino acid sequence distances.
Authors: Heng F; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA., Magaret CA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Rouphael NG; Hope Clinic, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA., Branche AR; Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA., Fong Y; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA., Carpp LN; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Yu C; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Chen S; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Zhang B; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Diemert DJ; George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA., Falsey AR; Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA., Graciaa DS; Hope Clinic, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA., Baden LR; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Frey SE; Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, MO, USA., Whitaker JA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Little SJ; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA., Kamidani S; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA., Walter EB; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA., Novak RM; Project WISH, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Rupp R; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA., Jackson LA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA., Babu TM; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA., Kottkamp AC; Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, Manhattan Research Clinic, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA., Luetkemeyer AF; Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA., Immergluck LC; Clinical Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA., Presti RM; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA., Bäcker M; Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, Long Island Research Clinic, New York University, Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA., Winokur PL; Department of Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA., Mahgoub SM; Howard University College of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA., Goepfert PA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA., Fusco DN; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA., Atmar RL; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Posavad CM; Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC) Laboratory Operations Unit, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA., Mu J; The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA., Makowski M; The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA., Makhene MK; Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA., Nayak SU; Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA., Simon V; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA., van Bakel H; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.; Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA., Roberts PC; Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA., Gilbert PB; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: pgilbert@fredhutch.org.
Corporate Authors: Coronavirus Variant Immunologic Landscape Trial (COVAIL) Study Team
Source: Vaccine [Vaccine] 2026 Mar 19; Vol. 76, pp. 128348. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 15.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8406899 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-2518 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0264410X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Vaccine Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: The neutralizing antibody titer correlate of COVID-19 risk in the COVID-19 variant immunologic landscape (COVAIL) trial was not modified by SARS-CoV-2 amino acid sequence distances.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Heng+F%22">Heng F</searchLink>; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Magaret+CA%22">Magaret CA</searchLink>; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rouphael+NG%22">Rouphael NG</searchLink>; Hope Clinic, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Branche+AR%22">Branche AR</searchLink>; Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fong+Y%22">Fong Y</searchLink>; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Carpp+LN%22">Carpp LN</searchLink>; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yu+C%22">Yu C</searchLink>; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+S%22">Chen S</searchLink>; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+B%22">Zhang B</searchLink>; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Diemert+DJ%22">Diemert DJ</searchLink>; George Washington Vaccine Research Unit, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Falsey+AR%22">Falsey AR</searchLink>; Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Graciaa+DS%22">Graciaa DS</searchLink>; Hope Clinic, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Baden+LR%22">Baden LR</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Frey+SE%22">Frey SE</searchLink>; Center for Vaccine Development, Saint Louis University, MO, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Whitaker+JA%22">Whitaker JA</searchLink>; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Little+SJ%22">Little SJ</searchLink>; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kamidani+S%22">Kamidani S</searchLink>; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Walter+EB%22">Walter EB</searchLink>; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Novak+RM%22">Novak RM</searchLink>; Project WISH, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rupp+R%22">Rupp R</searchLink>; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jackson+LA%22">Jackson LA</searchLink>; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Babu+TM%22">Babu TM</searchLink>; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kottkamp+AC%22">Kottkamp AC</searchLink>; Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, Manhattan Research Clinic, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Luetkemeyer+AF%22">Luetkemeyer AF</searchLink>; Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Immergluck+LC%22">Immergluck LC</searchLink>; Clinical Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Presti+RM%22">Presti RM</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bäcker+M%22">Bäcker M</searchLink>; Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit, Long Island Research Clinic, New York University, Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Winokur+PL%22">Winokur PL</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mahgoub+SM%22">Mahgoub SM</searchLink>; Howard University College of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Goepfert+PA%22">Goepfert PA</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fusco+DN%22">Fusco DN</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Atmar+RL%22">Atmar RL</searchLink>; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Posavad+CM%22">Posavad CM</searchLink>; Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC) Laboratory Operations Unit, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mu+J%22">Mu J</searchLink>; The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Makowski+M%22">Makowski M</searchLink>; The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Makhene+MK%22">Makhene MK</searchLink>; 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Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.; Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Roberts+PC%22">Roberts PC</searchLink>; Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gilbert+PB%22">Gilbert PB</searchLink>; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 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