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A machine learning model for optimizing treatment of patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.

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Title: A machine learning model for optimizing treatment of patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
Authors: Shi J; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Liu C; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Hu J; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Dai Y; Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sheyang Diabetes Hospital, Yancheng, China., Peng Y; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Xu F; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hebi Coal (Group) Ltd. General Hospital, Hebi, China., Shi H; School of Artificial Intelligence, State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Li Y; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Tengchong People's Hospital, Baoshan, China., Li J; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People's Hospital of Suiping, Zhumadian, China., Zhou Z; Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Wen C; Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Mengzi, Mengzi, China., Huang S; Department of Endocrinology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Shu Y; Department of Endocrinology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, China., Ye X; Department of Endocrinology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Tonglu Campus, Hangzhou, China., Wang A; Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Taizhou, China., Zhao H; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Linyi People's Hospital, Dezhou, China., Feng P; Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China., Wu S; Endocrine and Metabolism Center, Karamay Municipal Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital (People's Hospital), Karamay, China., Wang D; Department of Metabolic Disease Management Center, Zhecheng County People's Hospital, Shangqiu, China., Liu P; Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an NO.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China., Shi Y; School of Artificial Intelligence, State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China., Yang S; Department of Endocrinology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China., Tu W; Artificial Productivity, Beijing, China., Chen L; Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China., Yu C; Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China., Ning G; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China., Wang Y; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. yyffwang@sina.com., Zhao Z; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. zzybrad@hotmail.com.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. zzybrad@hotmail.com., Zhang Y; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. feifei-a@163.com.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. feifei-a@163.com., Wang W; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. wqingw@shsmu.edu.cn.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. wqingw@shsmu.edu.cn.
Source: Communications medicine [Commun Med (Lond)] 2026 Feb 17; Vol. 6 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 17.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Portfolio Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9918250414506676 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2730-664X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 2730664X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Commun Med (Lond) Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: A machine learning model for optimizing treatment of patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shi+J%22">Shi J</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liu+C%22">Liu C</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hu+J%22">Hu J</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dai+Y%22">Dai Y</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sheyang Diabetes Hospital, Yancheng, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Peng+Y%22">Peng Y</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xu+F%22">Xu F</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hebi Coal (Group) Ltd. General Hospital, Hebi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shi+H%22">Shi H</searchLink>; School of Artificial Intelligence, State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+Y%22">Li Y</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Tengchong People's Hospital, Baoshan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+J%22">Li J</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People's Hospital of Suiping, Zhumadian, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+Z%22">Zhou Z</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wen+C%22">Wen C</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Mengzi, Mengzi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Huang+S%22">Huang S</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shu+Y%22">Shu Y</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ye+X%22">Ye X</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital Tonglu Campus, Hangzhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+A%22">Wang A</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Taizhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+H%22">Zhao H</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Linyi People's Hospital, Dezhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Feng+P%22">Feng P</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wu+S%22">Wu S</searchLink>; Endocrine and Metabolism Center, Karamay Municipal Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital (People's Hospital), Karamay, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+D%22">Wang D</searchLink>; Department of Metabolic Disease Management Center, Zhecheng County People's Hospital, Shangqiu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liu+P%22">Liu P</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an NO.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shi+Y%22">Shi Y</searchLink>; School of Artificial Intelligence, State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yang+S%22">Yang S</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tu+W%22">Tu W</searchLink>; Artificial Productivity, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+L%22">Chen L</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yu+C%22">Yu C</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ning+G%22">Ning G</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+Y%22">Wang Y</searchLink>; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. yyffwang@sina.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+Z%22">Zhao Z</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. zzybrad@hotmail.com.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. zzybrad@hotmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+Y%22">Zhang Y</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. feifei-a@163.com.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. feifei-a@163.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+W%22">Wang W</searchLink>; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. wqingw@shsmu.edu.cn.; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. wqingw@shsmu.edu.cn.
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