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Design and Implementation of Observational Studies Emulating a Target Trial.

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Title: Design and Implementation of Observational Studies Emulating a Target Trial.
Authors: Ren Y; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Jia Y; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Liu L; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Lyv H; Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China., Tao L; Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.; Medical Examination Centre, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China., Li Y; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Zhao P; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Xiong Y; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Li G; The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China., Xu J; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Liu C; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Lu Y; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Zou K; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Tan J; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China., Sun X; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Source: JAMA network open [JAMA Netw Open] 2026 Feb 02; Vol. 9 (2), pp. e2558262. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 02.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: American Medical Association Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101729235 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2574-3805 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25743805 NLM ISO Abbreviation: JAMA Netw Open Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Design and Implementation of Observational Studies Emulating a Target Trial.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ren+Y%22">Ren Y</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jia+Y%22">Jia Y</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liu+L%22">Liu L</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lyv+H%22">Lyv H</searchLink>; Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tao+L%22">Tao L</searchLink>; Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.; Medical Examination Centre, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+Y%22">Li Y</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+P%22">Zhao P</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xiong+Y%22">Xiong Y</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+G%22">Li G</searchLink>; The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xu+J%22">Xu J</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liu+C%22">Liu C</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lu+Y%22">Lu Y</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zou+K%22">Zou K</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tan+J%22">Tan J</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sun+X%22">Sun X</searchLink>; General Practice Medical Center, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Sichuan Centre of Technology Innovation for Real World Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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