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Large language models as medical code selectors: a benchmark using the International Classification of Primary Care.

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Title: Large language models as medical code selectors: a benchmark using the International Classification of Primary Care.
Authors: Anjos de Almeida V; Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil., de Camargo V; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil., Gómez-Bravo R; Rehaklinik, Centre Hospitalier Neuro-Psychiatrique, 17, avenue des Alliés, Ettelbruck, L-9002, Luxembourg., van Boven K; Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Netherlands., van der Haring E; No affiliation, Netherlands., Finger M; Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1010, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil., Fernandez Lopez L; Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil.
Source: JAMIA open [JAMIA Open] 2026 Feb 13; Vol. 9 (1), pp. ooag017. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 13 (Print Publication: 2026).
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101730643 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2574-2531 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25742531 NLM ISO Abbreviation: JAMIA Open Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Anjos+de+Almeida+V%22">Anjos de Almeida V</searchLink>; Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22de+Camargo+V%22">de Camargo V</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gómez-Bravo+R%22">Gómez-Bravo R</searchLink>; Rehaklinik, Centre Hospitalier Neuro-Psychiatrique, 17, avenue des Alliés, Ettelbruck, L-9002, Luxembourg.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+Boven+K%22">van Boven K</searchLink>; Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+der+Haring+E%22">van der Haring E</searchLink>; No affiliation, Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Finger+M%22">Finger M</searchLink>; Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1010, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fernandez+Lopez+L%22">Fernandez Lopez L</searchLink>; Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil.
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              Text: 2026 Feb 13
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