Considering the missing science of retraining and maintenance in medical artificial intelligence, using ophthalmology as an exemplar.

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Bibliographic Details
Title: Considering the missing science of retraining and maintenance in medical artificial intelligence, using ophthalmology as an exemplar.
Authors: Ong AY; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net.; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net.; NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. ariel.ong@nhs.net., Struyven RR; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA., Denniston AK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK.; Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, Birmingham, UK., Merle DA; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.; NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK., Engelmann J; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK., Kim H; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK., Zhou Y; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.; NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK., Keane PA; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. p.keane@ucl.ac.uk.; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. p.keane@ucl.ac.uk.; NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. p.keane@ucl.ac.uk., Lains I; Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. ines_lains@meei.harvard.edu.
Source: NPJ digital medicine [NPJ Digit Med] 2026 Feb 25; Vol. 9 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 25.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101731738 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2398-6352 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23986352 NLM ISO Abbreviation: NPJ Digit Med Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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