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The microbial tryptophan metabolite indole acts on the gastrointestinal tract to improve glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of diabetes by enhancing GLP-1 secretion and L cell differentiation.

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Title: The microbial tryptophan metabolite indole acts on the gastrointestinal tract to improve glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of diabetes by enhancing GLP-1 secretion and L cell differentiation.
Authors: Phuah P; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Norton M; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Cheng S; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Roberts AG; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Pirri D; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Meyer L; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Chung PE; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Dunsterville C; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Karwowski R; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Lam BYH; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Otsubo E; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Aleksashina S; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Gribble FM; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Reimann F; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Hanyaloglu AC; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK., Yeo GSH; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Bewick GA; Diabetes and Obesity Theme, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK., Jones B; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Owen B; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK., Murphy KG; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. k.g.murphy@imperial.ac.uk.
Source: Diabetologia [Diabetologia] 2026 Jun; Vol. 69 (6), pp. 1659-1674. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 04.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 0006777 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-0428 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0012186X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Diabetologia Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: The microbial tryptophan metabolite indole acts on the gastrointestinal tract to improve glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of diabetes by enhancing GLP-1 secretion and L cell differentiation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Phuah+P%22">Phuah P</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Norton+M%22">Norton M</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cheng+S%22">Cheng S</searchLink>; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Roberts+AG%22">Roberts AG</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pirri+D%22">Pirri D</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Meyer+L%22">Meyer L</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chung+PE%22">Chung PE</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dunsterville+C%22">Dunsterville C</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Karwowski+R%22">Karwowski R</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lam+BYH%22">Lam BYH</searchLink>; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Otsubo+E%22">Otsubo E</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Aleksashina+S%22">Aleksashina S</searchLink>; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gribble+FM%22">Gribble FM</searchLink>; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Reimann+F%22">Reimann F</searchLink>; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hanyaloglu+AC%22">Hanyaloglu AC</searchLink>; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yeo+GSH%22">Yeo GSH</searchLink>; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bewick+GA%22">Bewick GA</searchLink>; Diabetes and Obesity Theme, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jones+B%22">Jones B</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Owen+B%22">Owen B</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Murphy+KG%22">Murphy KG</searchLink>; Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. k.g.murphy@imperial.ac.uk.
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