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Autoimmune disease is associated with heightened long COVID risk but prior immunization is protective.

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Title: Autoimmune disease is associated with heightened long COVID risk but prior immunization is protective.
Authors: Malakooti SK; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Electronic address: Shahdi.Malakooti@case.edu., Abboud M; Saint Joseph Medical School, Beirut, Lebanon., Murphy JE; Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA., Singer NG; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA., McComsey GA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Source: International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases [Int J Infect Dis] 2026 Jun; Vol. 167, pp. 108540. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 17.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Canada NLM ID: 9610933 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-3511 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 12019712 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Infect Dis Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Malakooti+SK%22">Malakooti SK</searchLink>; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Electronic address: Shahdi.Malakooti@case.edu.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Abboud+M%22">Abboud M</searchLink>; Saint Joseph Medical School, Beirut, Lebanon.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Murphy+JE%22">Murphy JE</searchLink>; Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Singer+NG%22">Singer NG</searchLink>; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McComsey+GA%22">McComsey GA</searchLink>; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Center for Clinical Research, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229610933%22">International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases</searchLink> [Int J Infect Dis] 2026 Jun; Vol. 167, pp. 108540. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Mar 17.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Elsevier%22">Elsevier </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Canada <i>NLM ID: </i>9610933 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1878-3511 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2212019712%22">12019712 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Int J Infect Dis <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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        Value: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108540
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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              Text: 2026 Jun
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