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Clinical criteria for the definition of refractory septic shock: a joint Delphi consensus from the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM).

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Title: Clinical criteria for the definition of refractory septic shock: a joint Delphi consensus from the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM).
Authors: Leone M; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nord Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France. marc.leone@ap-hm.fr., Myatra SN; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India., Dugar S; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital-Care Institute (IHI), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA., Wieruszewski PM; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, and Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Russell L; Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Evans L; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA., Delamarre L; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Regional University Hospital of Montpellier, Gui De Chauliac, Montpellier, France., Sharif S; Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada., Chew MS; Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden., Gong MN; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA., Hernández G; Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Diagonal Paraguay 362, Santiago, Chile., Schorr C; Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Research Institute, Critical Care, Camden, NJ, USA., Lakbar I; Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Anesthesia and Critical Care Department B, Saint Eloi Teaching Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, 1, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France., Smith SE; Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA., Martin-Loeches I; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organisation (MICRO), Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland., Annane D; Service de Réanimation, Comprehensive Sepsis Centre PROMETHEUS, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Garches, Versailles, France., Balik M; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic., Cecconi M; Biomedical Sciences Department, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy., De Backer D; Department of Intensive Care, CHIREC Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium., Donadello K; Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit B, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit B, University Hospital Integrated Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy., Dünser MW; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria., Einav S; Faculty of Medicine, Maccabi Healthcare System and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel., Ferrer R; Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain., Juffermans N; Intensive Care Unit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands., Hamzaoui O; Unité de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation Polyvalente, Unité PPF 'Pharmacologie et Pathologies Fragilisantes'-UR 3801, CHU Reims, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France., Landoni G; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy., Levy B; Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHRU Nancy, Pôle Cardio-Médico-Chirurgical, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France.; Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1116, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France.; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France., McKenzie C; Biomedical Research Centre, Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, National Institute of Health and Social Care Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK., Monnet X; Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU CORREVE, Inserm UMR S_999, Comprehensive Sepsis Centre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France., Ostermann M; Department of Intensive Care, King's College London, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK., Spies C; Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany., Singer M; Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK., Theodorakopulou M; Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Athens 'KAT', Athens, Greece., Topeli A; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Intensive Care, Sepsis Research, Education and Practice Center, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey., Barreto E; Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Bauer SR; Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA., Busse LW; Department of Medicine, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory Healthcare, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA., Coopersmith CM; Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA., Deutschman C; Cohen Children's Medical Center, The Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA., Holder AL; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA., Kamaleswaran R; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA., Legrand M; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA., Martin GS; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA., Maves RC; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA., Nazer L; King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan., Nunnally ME; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA., Prescott HC; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.; Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, HSR Center of Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA., Rincon T; Tan Chingfen Graduate School of Nursing, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.; Young School of Nursing, Regis College, Weston, MA, USA.; Department of Clinical Services, PreBorn!, Indianapolis, IN, USA., Sacha GL; Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA., Seymour CW; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA., Arabi YM; Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Besen BAMP; Intensive Care Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.; D'Or Institute for Research and Education, São Paulo, SP, Brazil., Cavalcanti AB; Division of Anesthesiology. Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.; HCor Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil., Deane AM; Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, & Intensive Care Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia., Finfer S; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.; Faculty of Health, Imperial College London, London, UK., Hammond N; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia., Ibarra-Estrada M; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México., Kattan E; Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile., Kotani Y; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan., Machado FR; Intensive Care Department, Hospital São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil., Ospina-Tascón GA; Department of Intensive Care, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.; Translational Research Laboratory in Critical Care Medicine (TransLab-CCM), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia., Mer M; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Young PJ; Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand., Rochwerg B; Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada., Khanna AK; Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Perioperative Outcomes and Informatics Collaborative, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Outcomes Research Consortium, Houston, TX, USA.
Source: Intensive care medicine [Intensive Care Med] 2026 May; Vol. 52 (5), pp. 984-1000. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 24.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Consensus Statement
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer Verlag Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7704851 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-1238 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03424642 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Intensive Care Med Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: Clinical criteria for the definition of refractory septic shock: a joint Delphi consensus from the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM).
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Leone+M%22">Leone M</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nord Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France. marc.leone@ap-hm.fr.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Myatra+SN%22">Myatra SN</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dugar+S%22">Dugar S</searchLink>; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital-Care Institute (IHI), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wieruszewski+PM%22">Wieruszewski PM</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, and Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Russell+L%22">Russell L</searchLink>; Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Evans+L%22">Evans L</searchLink>; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Delamarre+L%22">Delamarre L</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Regional University Hospital of Montpellier, Gui De Chauliac, Montpellier, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sharif+S%22">Sharif S</searchLink>; Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chew+MS%22">Chew MS</searchLink>; Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gong+MN%22">Gong MN</searchLink>; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hernández+G%22">Hernández G</searchLink>; Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Diagonal Paraguay 362, Santiago, Chile.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schorr+C%22">Schorr C</searchLink>; Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Research Institute, Critical Care, Camden, NJ, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lakbar+I%22">Lakbar I</searchLink>; Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Anesthesia and Critical Care Department B, Saint Eloi Teaching Hospital, PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, 1, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Smith+SE%22">Smith SE</searchLink>; Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Martin-Loeches+I%22">Martin-Loeches I</searchLink>; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organisation (MICRO), Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Annane+D%22">Annane D</searchLink>; Service de Réanimation, Comprehensive Sepsis Centre PROMETHEUS, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Garches, Versailles, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Balik+M%22">Balik M</searchLink>; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cecconi+M%22">Cecconi M</searchLink>; Biomedical Sciences Department, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22De+Backer+D%22">De Backer D</searchLink>; Department of Intensive Care, CHIREC Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Donadello+K%22">Donadello K</searchLink>; Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit B, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit B, University Hospital Integrated Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dünser+MW%22">Dünser MW</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Einav+S%22">Einav S</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Maccabi Healthcare System and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ferrer+R%22">Ferrer R</searchLink>; Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Juffermans+N%22">Juffermans N</searchLink>; Intensive Care Unit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hamzaoui+O%22">Hamzaoui O</searchLink>; Unité de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation Polyvalente, Unité PPF 'Pharmacologie et Pathologies Fragilisantes'-UR 3801, CHU Reims, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Landoni+G%22">Landoni G</searchLink>; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Levy+B%22">Levy B</searchLink>; Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHRU Nancy, Pôle Cardio-Médico-Chirurgical, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France.; Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1116, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France.; Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McKenzie+C%22">McKenzie C</searchLink>; Biomedical Research Centre, Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, National Institute of Health and Social Care Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Monnet+X%22">Monnet X</searchLink>; Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU CORREVE, Inserm UMR S_999, Comprehensive Sepsis Centre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ostermann+M%22">Ostermann M</searchLink>; Department of Intensive Care, King's College London, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Spies+C%22">Spies C</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Singer+M%22">Singer M</searchLink>; Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Theodorakopulou+M%22">Theodorakopulou M</searchLink>; Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Athens 'KAT', Athens, Greece.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Topeli+A%22">Topeli A</searchLink>; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Intensive Care, Sepsis Research, Education and Practice Center, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Barreto+E%22">Barreto E</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bauer+SR%22">Bauer SR</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Busse+LW%22">Busse LW</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Emory Critical Care Center, Emory Healthcare, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Coopersmith+CM%22">Coopersmith CM</searchLink>; Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Deutschman+C%22">Deutschman C</searchLink>; Cohen Children's Medical Center, The Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Holder+AL%22">Holder AL</searchLink>; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kamaleswaran+R%22">Kamaleswaran R</searchLink>; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Legrand+M%22">Legrand M</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Martin+GS%22">Martin GS</searchLink>; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Maves+RC%22">Maves RC</searchLink>; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nazer+L%22">Nazer L</searchLink>; King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nunnally+ME%22">Nunnally ME</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Prescott+HC%22">Prescott HC</searchLink>; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.; Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, HSR Center of Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rincon+T%22">Rincon T</searchLink>; Tan Chingfen Graduate School of Nursing, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.; Young School of Nursing, Regis College, Weston, MA, USA.; Department of Clinical Services, PreBorn!, Indianapolis, IN, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sacha+GL%22">Sacha GL</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Seymour+CW%22">Seymour CW</searchLink>; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Arabi+YM%22">Arabi YM</searchLink>; Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Besen+BAMP%22">Besen BAMP</searchLink>; Intensive Care Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.; D'Or Institute for Research and Education, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cavalcanti+AB%22">Cavalcanti AB</searchLink>; Division of Anesthesiology. Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.; HCor Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Deane+AM%22">Deane AM</searchLink>; Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, & Intensive Care Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Finfer+S%22">Finfer S</searchLink>; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.; Faculty of Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hammond+N%22">Hammond N</searchLink>; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.; Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ibarra-Estrada+M%22">Ibarra-Estrada M</searchLink>; Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kattan+E%22">Kattan E</searchLink>; Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kotani+Y%22">Kotani Y</searchLink>; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Machado+FR%22">Machado FR</searchLink>; Intensive Care Department, Hospital São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ospina-Tascón+GA%22">Ospina-Tascón GA</searchLink>; Department of Intensive Care, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.; Translational Research Laboratory in Critical Care Medicine (TransLab-CCM), Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mer+M%22">Mer M</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Young+PJ%22">Young PJ</searchLink>; Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rochwerg+B%22">Rochwerg B</searchLink>; Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khanna+AK%22">Khanna AK</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Perioperative Outcomes and Informatics Collaborative, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; Outcomes Research Consortium, Houston, TX, USA.
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      – TitleFull: Clinical criteria for the definition of refractory septic shock: a joint Delphi consensus from the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM).
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            NameFull: Ibarra-Estrada M
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            NameFull: Kattan E
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
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      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Ospina-Tascón GA
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Mer M
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Young PJ
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    IsPartOfRelationships:
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: 2026 May
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1432-1238
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 52
            – Type: issue
              Value: 5
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Intensive care medicine
              Type: main
ResultId 1