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How deceptive online networks reached millions in the US 2020 elections.

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Title: How deceptive online networks reached millions in the US 2020 elections.
Authors: Appel RE; Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., Kim YM; School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA., Pan J; Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. jp1@stanford.edu., Xu Y; Department of Political Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., Nimmo B; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Thomas DR; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Allcott H; Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., Barberá P; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Brown T; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Crespo-Tenorio A; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Dimmery D; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA.; Data Science Lab, Hertie School, Berlin, Germany., Freelon D; Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Gentzkow M; Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., González-Bailón S; Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Guess AM; Department of Politics and School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA., Iyengar S; Department of Political Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., Lazer D; Network Science Institute and Department of Political Science and Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.; Institute of Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA., Malhotra N; Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., Moehler D; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Nyhan B; Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA., Settle J; Department of Government, William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA., Thorson E; Department of Political Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA., Tromble R; Department of Political Science and Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA., Velasco Rivera C; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Wilkins A; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Wojcieszak M; Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.; Center for Excellence in Social Science, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland., Xiong B; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Kiewiet de Jonge C; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Franco A; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Mason W; Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA., Stroud NJ; Moody College of Communication and Center for Media Engagement, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA., Tucker JA; Wilf Family Department of Politics and Center for Social Media, AI and Politics, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
Source: Nature human behaviour [Nat Hum Behav] 2026 Jun; Vol. 10 (6), pp. 1068-1082. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 06.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer Nature Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101697750 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2397-3374 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23973374 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Hum Behav Subsets: MEDLINE
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