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Emerging CSF and Serum Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: Cytokines, MOG, GFAP, and Beyond.

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Title: Emerging CSF and Serum Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: Cytokines, MOG, GFAP, and Beyond.
Authors: Oechtering J; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany., Schaedelin SA; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland., Maleska Maceski A; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland., Stein K; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany., Genc N; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland., Einsiedler M; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland., Benkert P; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland., Willemse E; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland., Derfuss TJ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland., Fischer-Barnicol B; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland., D'Souza M; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland., Regeniter A; Medica Laboratory, Zürich, Switzerland., Hu W; Octave Bioscience, Menlo Park, CA., Qureshi F; Octave Bioscience, Menlo Park, CA., Finkener S; Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital, Aarau, Switzerland., Mueller S; Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, University Teaching and Research Hospital, HOCH Health Ostschweiz, Switzerland., Hoepner R; Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland., Lalive PH; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.; Diagnostic Department, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland., Pot C; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland., Gobbi C; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland.; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland., Zecca C; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland.; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland., Roth P; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; and., Wiendl H; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany., Lünemann JD; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany., Kappos L; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland., Granziera C; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland., Leppert D; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland., Kuhle J; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.
Corporate Authors: as the Swiss MS Cohort Study
Source: Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation [Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm] 2026 May; Vol. 13 (3), pp. e200578. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 23.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101636388 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2332-7812 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23327812 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: Emerging CSF and Serum Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: Cytokines, MOG, GFAP, and Beyond.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Oechtering+J%22">Oechtering J</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schaedelin+SA%22">Schaedelin SA</searchLink>; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Maleska+Maceski+A%22">Maleska Maceski A</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Stein+K%22">Stein K</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Genc+N%22">Genc N</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Einsiedler+M%22">Einsiedler M</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Benkert+P%22">Benkert P</searchLink>; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Willemse+E%22">Willemse E</searchLink>; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Derfuss+TJ%22">Derfuss TJ</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fischer-Barnicol+B%22">Fischer-Barnicol B</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22D'Souza+M%22">D'Souza M</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Regeniter+A%22">Regeniter A</searchLink>; Medica Laboratory, Zürich, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hu+W%22">Hu W</searchLink>; Octave Bioscience, Menlo Park, CA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Qureshi+F%22">Qureshi F</searchLink>; Octave Bioscience, Menlo Park, CA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Finkener+S%22">Finkener S</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital, Aarau, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mueller+S%22">Mueller S</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, University Teaching and Research Hospital, HOCH Health Ostschweiz, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hoepner+R%22">Hoepner R</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lalive+PH%22">Lalive PH</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.; Diagnostic Department, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pot+C%22">Pot C</searchLink>; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gobbi+C%22">Gobbi C</searchLink>; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland.; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zecca+C%22">Zecca C</searchLink>; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland.; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Roth+P%22">Roth P</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Switzerland; and.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wiendl+H%22">Wiendl H</searchLink>; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lünemann+JD%22">Lünemann JD</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kappos+L%22">Kappos L</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Granziera+C%22">Granziera C</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Leppert+D%22">Leppert D</searchLink>; 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