Self-rated health and mental health before and during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: the population-based German National Cohort (NAKO) study.

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Title: Self-rated health and mental health before and during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: the population-based German National Cohort (NAKO) study.
Authors: Xi Y; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany. yue.xi@helmholtz-munich.de.; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany. yue.xi@helmholtz-munich.de., Keil T; Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.; State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany., Krist L; Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany., Pischon T; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany.; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Biobank Technology Platform, Berlin, Germany., Velásquez IM; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany., Schulze MB; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany.; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany., Ahrens W; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany., Zeeb H; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany.; Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany., Kuß O; Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.; Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany., Schikowski T; IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany., Schmidt B; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany., Stang A; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany., Nieters A; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany., Mikolajczyk R; Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Halle (Saale), Germany., Massag J; Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany., Harth V; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine Hamburg (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany., Obi N; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine Hamburg (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany., Hallet AC; Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.; Midwifery Research and Education Unit, Hannover Medical School, Braunschweig, Germany., Klett-Tammen CJ; Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany., Lieb W; Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany., Löffler M; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany., Kaaks R; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany., Bärnighausen T; Heidelberg Institute of GlobalHealth, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany., Karch A; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany., Berger K; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany., Khattak MNK; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany., Meinke-Franze C; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany., Leitzmann M; Institute for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany., Fischer B; Institute for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany., Brenner H; Cancer Prevention Graduate School, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany., Holleczek B; Saarland Cancer Registry, Saarbrücken, Germany., Rospleszcz S; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany., Peters A; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany.
Source: BMC public health [BMC Public Health] 2026 May 09; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 09.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100968562 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2458 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712458 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Self-rated health and mental health before and during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: the population-based German National Cohort (NAKO) study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xi+Y%22">Xi Y</searchLink>; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany. yue.xi@helmholtz-munich.de.; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany. yue.xi@helmholtz-munich.de.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Keil+T%22">Keil T</searchLink>; Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.; State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Krist+L%22">Krist L</searchLink>; Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pischon+T%22">Pischon T</searchLink>; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany.; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Biobank Technology Platform, Berlin, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Velásquez+IM%22">Velásquez IM</searchLink>; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schulze+MB%22">Schulze MB</searchLink>; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany.; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ahrens+W%22">Ahrens W</searchLink>; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zeeb+H%22">Zeeb H</searchLink>; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany.; Health Sciences Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kuß+O%22">Kuß O</searchLink>; Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.; Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schikowski+T%22">Schikowski T</searchLink>; IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Schmidt+B%22">Schmidt B</searchLink>; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Stang+A%22">Stang A</searchLink>; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nieters+A%22">Nieters A</searchLink>; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mikolajczyk+R%22">Mikolajczyk R</searchLink>; Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Halle (Saale), Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Massag+J%22">Massag J</searchLink>; Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Harth+V%22">Harth V</searchLink>; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine Hamburg (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Obi+N%22">Obi N</searchLink>; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine Hamburg (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hallet+AC%22">Hallet AC</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.; Midwifery Research and Education Unit, Hannover Medical School, Braunschweig, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Klett-Tammen+CJ%22">Klett-Tammen CJ</searchLink>; Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lieb+W%22">Lieb W</searchLink>; Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Löffler+M%22">Löffler M</searchLink>; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kaaks+R%22">Kaaks R</searchLink>; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bärnighausen+T%22">Bärnighausen T</searchLink>; Heidelberg Institute of GlobalHealth, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Karch+A%22">Karch A</searchLink>; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Berger+K%22">Berger K</searchLink>; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khattak+MNK%22">Khattak MNK</searchLink>; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Meinke-Franze+C%22">Meinke-Franze C</searchLink>; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Leitzmann+M%22">Leitzmann M</searchLink>; Institute for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fischer+B%22">Fischer B</searchLink>; Institute for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Brenner+H%22">Brenner H</searchLink>; Cancer Prevention Graduate School, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Holleczek+B%22">Holleczek B</searchLink>; Saarland Cancer Registry, Saarbrücken, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rospleszcz+S%22">Rospleszcz S</searchLink>; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Peters+A%22">Peters A</searchLink>; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany.
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