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Genomic epidemiology of the 2025 mpox epidemic in Sierra Leone.

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Title: Genomic epidemiology of the 2025 mpox epidemic in Sierra Leone.
Authors: Campbell AKO; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone. oakcampbell25@gmail.com.; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone. oakcampbell25@gmail.com.; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. oakcampbell25@gmail.com., Sandi JD; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. johnatsandi@gmail.com.; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone. johnatsandi@gmail.com.; School of Community Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone. johnatsandi@gmail.com., Omah IF; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria., Faye M; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Parker E; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Brock-Fisher T; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Gigante CM; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA., Folorunso V; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Kamara MS; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone., Williams AJ; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Kane M; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Kallon TMPS; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone., Campbell J; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Sesay KS; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone., Mani S; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Miller C; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Sesay ND; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Baimba F; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone., Ndiaye M; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Lansana R; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Fofanah IU; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone., Ruhweza S; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Souma Z; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Kargbo A; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Koninga K; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Tia A; Sierra Leone-China P3 Friendship Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Ngobeh J; Sierra Leone-China P3 Friendship Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Thoronka F; Sierra Leone-China P3 Friendship Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Fofanah A; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; School of Public Health, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone., Ozonoff A; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Wilkason C; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Park D; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Tomkins-Tinch C; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Paye MF; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Shin C; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Baudi I; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Blumenstiel B; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Varilly P; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA., Specht I; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., Fry B; Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA, USA., Zhao K; Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA, USA., Cronan P; Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA, USA., Laning E; Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA, USA., Ope-Ewe OO; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Sijuwola AE; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Saibu F; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Soumare H; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Ogundana EK; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Obaado RO; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Adole JA; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Kio IK; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Njeandoh FA; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Tuttle A; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA., Oguta WO; World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO), Dakar, Senegal., Greene J; World Health Organization (WHO), Freetown, Sierra Leone., Koroma A; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Kanu J; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Barry MA; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Gaye A; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Diouf AM; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Hughes C; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA., Levy JI; Department of Translational Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA., N'jai A; Department of Biological Sciences, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; Department of Medical Education, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA., Diagne MM; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Nosamiefan D; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Ameh G; World Health Organization (WHO), Freetown, Sierra Leone., Klena J; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA., Foster MA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA., Kebede A; Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Tanui C; Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Diallo B; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Happi A; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria., Tessema S; Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Sow A; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Kebede Y; Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia., Wurie I; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Squire J; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Harding D; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Koroma Z; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Jalloh MB; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Sall AA; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Andersen KG; Department of Translational Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA., Rambaut A; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK., Vandi MA; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Fall IS; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal., Sabeti P; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA., Happi C; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA., Sahr F; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone., Grant DS; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone. donkumfel@yahoo.co.uk.; College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. donkumfel@yahoo.co.uk.; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. donkumfel@yahoo.co.uk.
Source: Nature medicine [Nat Med] 2026 May; Vol. 32 (5), pp. 1917-1926. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 12.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Company Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9502015 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1546-170X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10788956 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Genomic epidemiology of the 2025 mpox epidemic in Sierra Leone.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Campbell+AKO%22">Campbell AKO</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone. oakcampbell25@gmail.com.; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone. oakcampbell25@gmail.com.; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. oakcampbell25@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sandi+JD%22">Sandi JD</searchLink>; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. johnatsandi@gmail.com.; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone. johnatsandi@gmail.com.; School of Community Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone. johnatsandi@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Omah+IF%22">Omah IF</searchLink>; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Faye+M%22">Faye M</searchLink>; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Parker+E%22">Parker E</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Brock-Fisher+T%22">Brock-Fisher T</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gigante+CM%22">Gigante CM</searchLink>; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Folorunso+V%22">Folorunso V</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kamara+MS%22">Kamara MS</searchLink>; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Williams+AJ%22">Williams AJ</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kane+M%22">Kane M</searchLink>; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kallon+TMPS%22">Kallon TMPS</searchLink>; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Campbell+J%22">Campbell J</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sesay+KS%22">Sesay KS</searchLink>; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mani+S%22">Mani S</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Miller+C%22">Miller C</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sesay+ND%22">Sesay ND</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Baimba+F%22">Baimba F</searchLink>; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ndiaye+M%22">Ndiaye M</searchLink>; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lansana+R%22">Lansana R</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fofanah+IU%22">Fofanah IU</searchLink>; Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ruhweza+S%22">Ruhweza S</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Souma+Z%22">Souma Z</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kargbo+A%22">Kargbo A</searchLink>; Central Public Health Reference Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Koninga+K%22">Koninga K</searchLink>; 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The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tomkins-Tinch+C%22">Tomkins-Tinch C</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Paye+MF%22">Paye MF</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shin+C%22">Shin C</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Baudi+I%22">Baudi I</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Blumenstiel+B%22">Blumenstiel B</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Varilly+P%22">Varilly P</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Specht+I%22">Specht I</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fry+B%22">Fry B</searchLink>; Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+K%22">Zhao K</searchLink>; Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cronan+P%22">Cronan P</searchLink>; Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Laning+E%22">Laning E</searchLink>; Fathom Information Design, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ope-Ewe+OO%22">Ope-Ewe OO</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sijuwola+AE%22">Sijuwola AE</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Saibu+F%22">Saibu F</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Soumare+H%22">Soumare H</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ogundana+EK%22">Ogundana EK</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Obaado+RO%22">Obaado RO</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Adole+JA%22">Adole JA</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kio+IK%22">Kio IK</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Njeandoh+FA%22">Njeandoh FA</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tuttle+A%22">Tuttle A</searchLink>; 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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Levy+JI%22">Levy JI</searchLink>; Department of Translational Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22N'jai+A%22">N'jai A</searchLink>; Department of Biological Sciences, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; Department of Medical Education, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Diagne+MM%22">Diagne MM</searchLink>; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nosamiefan+D%22">Nosamiefan D</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ameh+G%22">Ameh G</searchLink>; World Health Organization (WHO), Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Klena+J%22">Klena J</searchLink>; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Foster+MA%22">Foster MA</searchLink>; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kebede+A%22">Kebede A</searchLink>; Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tanui+C%22">Tanui C</searchLink>; Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Diallo+B%22">Diallo B</searchLink>; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Happi+A%22">Happi A</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tessema+S%22">Tessema S</searchLink>; Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sow+A%22">Sow A</searchLink>; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kebede+Y%22">Kebede Y</searchLink>; Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wurie+I%22">Wurie I</searchLink>; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Diagnostics, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Squire+J%22">Squire J</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Harding+D%22">Harding D</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Koroma+Z%22">Koroma Z</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jalloh+MB%22">Jalloh MB</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sall+AA%22">Sall AA</searchLink>; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Andersen+KG%22">Andersen KG</searchLink>; Department of Translational Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rambaut+A%22">Rambaut A</searchLink>; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vandi+MA%22">Vandi MA</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fall+IS%22">Fall IS</searchLink>; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sabeti+P%22">Sabeti P</searchLink>; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Happi+C%22">Happi C</searchLink>; Institute of Genomics and Global Health, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sahr+F%22">Sahr F</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Grant+DS%22">Grant DS</searchLink>; National Public Health Agency, Freetown, Sierra Leone. donkumfel@yahoo.co.uk.; College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. donkumfel@yahoo.co.uk.; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. donkumfel@yahoo.co.uk.
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: 2026 May
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1546-170X
          Numbering:
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              Value: 32
            – Type: issue
              Value: 5
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Nature medicine
              Type: main
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