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The performance of ChatGPT and other large language models on multiple-choice questions in biomedical disciplines: A meta-analysis.

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Title: The performance of ChatGPT and other large language models on multiple-choice questions in biomedical disciplines: A meta-analysis.
Authors: Cheverko CM; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA., Mavrych V; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Bolgova O; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Mohamed FRR; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Westrick J; Rush University Medical Center Library, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA., Juarez L; Rush University Medical Center Library, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA., Rush E; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.; Academic Affairs, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA., Solka KA; Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA., Doubleday AF; Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago College of Dentistry, Chicago, Illinois, USA., Byram JN; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA., Becker R; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA., Gomez V; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA., Ganeng BKA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA., Hoffman LA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA., Roach VA; Division of Healthcare Simulation Science, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA., Brown KM; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA., DeVaul N; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA., Garnett CN; Department of Cell, Developmental, & Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA., Herriott HL; School of Rehabilitative & Health Sciences, Rueckert-Hartman College of Health Professions, Regis University, Denver, Colorado, USA., Lufler RS; Department of Medical Education, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA., Mussell JC; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA., Balta JY; Anatomy Learning Institute, College of Health Sciences, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California, USA., Pascoe MA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA., Middleton JW; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA., Duffy S; LSU Health New Orleans Libraries, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA., Stephens GC; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia., Wilson AB; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Source: Anatomical sciences education [Anat Sci Educ] 2026 May 19. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 19.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101392205 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1935-9780 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19359772 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Anat Sci Educ Subsets: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cheverko+CM%22">Cheverko CM</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mavrych+V%22">Mavrych V</searchLink>; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bolgova+O%22">Bolgova O</searchLink>; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mohamed+FRR%22">Mohamed FRR</searchLink>; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Westrick+J%22">Westrick J</searchLink>; Rush University Medical Center Library, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Juarez+L%22">Juarez L</searchLink>; Rush University Medical Center Library, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rush+E%22">Rush E</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.; Academic Affairs, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Solka+KA%22">Solka KA</searchLink>; Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Doubleday+AF%22">Doubleday AF</searchLink>; Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago College of Dentistry, Chicago, Illinois, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Byram+JN%22">Byram JN</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Becker+R%22">Becker R</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gomez+V%22">Gomez V</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ganeng+BKA%22">Ganeng BKA</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hoffman+LA%22">Hoffman LA</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Roach+VA%22">Roach VA</searchLink>; Division of Healthcare Simulation Science, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Brown+KM%22">Brown KM</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22DeVaul+N%22">DeVaul N</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Garnett+CN%22">Garnett CN</searchLink>; Department of Cell, Developmental, & Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Herriott+HL%22">Herriott HL</searchLink>; School of Rehabilitative & Health Sciences, Rueckert-Hartman College of Health Professions, Regis University, Denver, Colorado, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lufler+RS%22">Lufler RS</searchLink>; Department of Medical Education, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mussell+JC%22">Mussell JC</searchLink>; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Balta+JY%22">Balta JY</searchLink>; Anatomy Learning Institute, College of Health Sciences, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pascoe+MA%22">Pascoe MA</searchLink>; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Middleton+JW%22">Middleton JW</searchLink>; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Duffy+S%22">Duffy S</searchLink>; LSU Health New Orleans Libraries, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Stephens+GC%22">Stephens GC</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wilson+AB%22">Wilson AB</searchLink>; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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