Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of outdoor residual spraying with α-cypermethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, and deltamethrin against sand flies: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled field trial in Uganda.

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Title: Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of outdoor residual spraying with α-cypermethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, and deltamethrin against sand flies: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled field trial in Uganda.
Authors: Livingstone K; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. kamogastone27@gmail.com.; Department of Pharmacy, Kampala School of Paramedicals, Kayunga, Uganda. kamogastone27@gmail.com., Kigozi E; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Centre On Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK., Ssewante N; Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda., Kiyimba B; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda., Nabidda S; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Kampala, Uganda., Seremba E; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda., Munerya A; Amudat Church of Uganda Hospital, Amudat District Local Government, Amudat, Uganda., Achuma R; Amudat Church of Uganda Hospital, Amudat District Local Government, Amudat, Uganda., Lomokol D; Amudat Church of Uganda Hospital, Amudat District Local Government, Amudat, Uganda., Olivia N; Department of Pharmacy, Kampala School of Paramedicals, Kayunga, Uganda., Matovu PB; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda., Tamale D; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda., Sagaki P; Amudat Church of Uganda Hospital, Amudat District Local Government, Amudat, Uganda., Epuitai J; Department of Nursing, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda., Bongomin F; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda., Mbalinda SN; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
Source: Tropical medicine and health [Trop Med Health] 2026 May 27; Vol. 54 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 27.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: BioMed Central Ltd Country of Publication: Japan NLM ID: 101215093 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1348-8945 (Print) Linking ISSN: 13488945 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Trop Med Health Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
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  Data: Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of outdoor residual spraying with α-cypermethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, and deltamethrin against sand flies: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled field trial in Uganda.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Livingstone+K%22">Livingstone K</searchLink>; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. kamogastone27@gmail.com.; Department of Pharmacy, Kampala School of Paramedicals, Kayunga, Uganda. kamogastone27@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kigozi+E%22">Kigozi E</searchLink>; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; Centre On Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ssewante+N%22">Ssewante N</searchLink>; Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kiyimba+B%22">Kiyimba B</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nabidda+S%22">Nabidda S</searchLink>; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Kampala, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Seremba+E%22">Seremba E</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Munerya+A%22">Munerya A</searchLink>; Amudat Church of Uganda Hospital, Amudat District Local Government, Amudat, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Achuma+R%22">Achuma R</searchLink>; Amudat Church of Uganda Hospital, Amudat District Local Government, Amudat, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lomokol+D%22">Lomokol D</searchLink>; Amudat Church of Uganda Hospital, Amudat District Local Government, Amudat, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Olivia+N%22">Olivia N</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacy, Kampala School of Paramedicals, Kayunga, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Matovu+PB%22">Matovu PB</searchLink>; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tamale+D%22">Tamale D</searchLink>; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sagaki+P%22">Sagaki P</searchLink>; Amudat Church of Uganda Hospital, Amudat District Local Government, Amudat, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Epuitai+J%22">Epuitai J</searchLink>; Department of Nursing, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bongomin+F%22">Bongomin F</searchLink>; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mbalinda+SN%22">Mbalinda SN</searchLink>; Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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