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Causal inference and digital twins: a roadmap for the future of clinical trials.

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Title: Causal inference and digital twins: a roadmap for the future of clinical trials.
Authors: Ruhrberg Estévez S; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Peck R; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK., McKinney E; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Weatherall J; AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK., Bailey S; EMD Serono, London, UK., Rochon J; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany., Anagnostopoulos C; Quantum Black, London, UK., Marquet P; University of Limoges, Limoges, France., Wood A; GSK, London, UK., Best N; GSK, London, UK., Amad H; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Piskorz J; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Kacprzyk K; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK., Salama R; Accenture, London, UK., Gunther C; Accenture, London, UK., Frau F; Sanofi, Paris, France., Pugeat A; Sanofi, Paris, France., Hernandez R; Sanofi, Paris, France., van der Schaar M; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. mv472@cam.ac.uk.
Source: NPJ digital medicine [NPJ Digit Med] 2026 Jun 23. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 23.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101731738 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2398-6352 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23986352 NLM ISO Abbreviation: NPJ Digit Med
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ruhrberg+Estévez+S%22">Ruhrberg Estévez S</searchLink>; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Peck+R%22">Peck R</searchLink>; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McKinney+E%22">McKinney E</searchLink>; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Weatherall+J%22">Weatherall J</searchLink>; AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bailey+S%22">Bailey S</searchLink>; EMD Serono, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rochon+J%22">Rochon J</searchLink>; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Anagnostopoulos+C%22">Anagnostopoulos C</searchLink>; Quantum Black, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Marquet+P%22">Marquet P</searchLink>; University of Limoges, Limoges, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wood+A%22">Wood A</searchLink>; GSK, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Best+N%22">Best N</searchLink>; GSK, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Amad+H%22">Amad H</searchLink>; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Piskorz+J%22">Piskorz J</searchLink>; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kacprzyk+K%22">Kacprzyk K</searchLink>; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Salama+R%22">Salama R</searchLink>; Accenture, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gunther+C%22">Gunther C</searchLink>; Accenture, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Frau+F%22">Frau F</searchLink>; Sanofi, Paris, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pugeat+A%22">Pugeat A</searchLink>; Sanofi, Paris, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hernandez+R%22">Hernandez R</searchLink>; Sanofi, Paris, France.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+der+Schaar+M%22">van der Schaar M</searchLink>; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. mv472@cam.ac.uk.
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