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Neurosurgical training in low- and middle-income countries: structural inequities, scalable solutions, and a Peruvian national case study.

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Title: Neurosurgical training in low- and middle-income countries: structural inequities, scalable solutions, and a Peruvian national case study.
Authors: Váscones-Román FF; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Urb. Mi Terruño - San Martin de Porres, 15112, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe., Fuentes-Garcia SJ; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru., Váscones-Román J; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru., Riveros-Ruiz J; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, Lima, Peru., Vilca-Salas M; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru., Urquiaga JF; Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA., Váscones-Román D; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cusco, Peru., Quintana-Garcia LA; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru., Macha-Quillama LF; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Clínica Internacional, Lima, Peru., Hemeryth-Rengifo MA; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru., Solis-Chucos FG; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Clínica Internacional, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru., Olazabal-Valera J; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA., Olivera-Llenque A; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru., Meza-Ponce FA; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru., Gonzales-Romero P; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru., Huancahuari N; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Ayacucho, Peru.; Sociedad Científica Médico Estudiantil San Cristóbal, Ayacucho, Peru., Váscones-Aldazabal A; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru., Roca-Rozas MA; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco, EsSalud Cusco, Cusco, Peru., Rios-Garcia W; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica, Peru., Martínez-Díaz WJ; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru., León-Palacios J; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru., Pacheco-Barrios N; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Source: Neurosurgical review [Neurosurg Rev] 2026 Jun 29; Vol. 49 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 29.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 7908181 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1437-2320 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03445607 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurosurg Rev Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: Neurosurgical training in low- and middle-income countries: structural inequities, scalable solutions, and a Peruvian national case study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Váscones-Román+FF%22">Váscones-Román FF</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Urb. Mi Terruño - San Martin de Porres, 15112, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fuentes-Garcia+SJ%22">Fuentes-Garcia SJ</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Váscones-Román+J%22">Váscones-Román J</searchLink>; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Riveros-Ruiz+J%22">Riveros-Ruiz J</searchLink>; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vilca-Salas+M%22">Vilca-Salas M</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Urquiaga+JF%22">Urquiaga JF</searchLink>; Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Váscones-Román+D%22">Váscones-Román D</searchLink>; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Quintana-Garcia+LA%22">Quintana-Garcia LA</searchLink>; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Macha-Quillama+LF%22">Macha-Quillama LF</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Clínica Internacional, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hemeryth-Rengifo+MA%22">Hemeryth-Rengifo MA</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Solis-Chucos+FG%22">Solis-Chucos FG</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Clínica Internacional, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Olazabal-Valera+J%22">Olazabal-Valera J</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Olivera-Llenque+A%22">Olivera-Llenque A</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Meza-Ponce+FA%22">Meza-Ponce FA</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gonzales-Romero+P%22">Gonzales-Romero P</searchLink>; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Huancahuari+N%22">Huancahuari N</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Ayacucho, Peru.; Sociedad Científica Médico Estudiantil San Cristóbal, Ayacucho, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Váscones-Aldazabal+A%22">Váscones-Aldazabal A</searchLink>; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Roca-Rozas+MA%22">Roca-Rozas MA</searchLink>; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco, EsSalud Cusco, Cusco, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rios-Garcia+W%22">Rios-Garcia W</searchLink>; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Martínez-Díaz+WJ%22">Martínez-Díaz WJ</searchLink>; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22León-Palacios+J%22">León-Palacios J</searchLink>; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pacheco-Barrios+N%22">Pacheco-Barrios N</searchLink>; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%227908181%22">Neurosurgical review</searchLink> [Neurosurg Rev] 2026 Jun 29; Vol. 49 (1). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 29.
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