Neurosurgical training in low- and middle-income countries: structural inequities, scalable solutions, and a Peruvian national case study.
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| Title: | Neurosurgical training in low- and middle-income countries: structural inequities, scalable solutions, and a Peruvian national case study. |
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| Authors: | Váscones-Román FF; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA. fritz.vascones@upch.pe.; Urb. Mi Terruño - San Martin de Porres, 15112, Lima, Peru. fritz.vascones@upch.pe., Fuentes-Garcia SJ; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru., Váscones-Román J; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru., Riveros-Ruiz J; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión, Lima, Peru., Vilca-Salas M; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru., Urquiaga JF; Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA., Váscones-Román D; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cusco, Peru., Quintana-Garcia LA; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru., Macha-Quillama LF; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Clínica Internacional, Lima, Peru., Hemeryth-Rengifo MA; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru., Solis-Chucos FG; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Clínica Internacional, Lima, Peru.; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru., Olazabal-Valera J; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA., Olivera-Llenque A; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru., Meza-Ponce FA; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru., Gonzales-Romero P; Centro Básico de Investigación en Neurocirugía Endovascular, Neurocirugía Vascular y Base de Cráneo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru., Huancahuari N; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Ayacucho, Peru.; Sociedad Científica Médico Estudiantil San Cristóbal, Ayacucho, Peru., Váscones-Aldazabal A; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru., Roca-Rozas MA; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco, EsSalud Cusco, Cusco, Peru., Rios-Garcia W; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica, Peru., Martínez-Díaz WJ; Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru., León-Palacios J; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru., Pacheco-Barrios N; Váscones's Lab, Lima, Peru.; Astrocyte, Neurosurgical Research Group, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. |
| Source: | Neurosurgical review [Neurosurg Rev] 2026 Jun 29; Vol. 49 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 29. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Review |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 7908181 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1437-2320 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03445607 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurosurg Rev Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Database: | MEDLINE Ultimate |
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