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Human-in-the-loop validation of a sequential multi-LLM medical education pipeline.

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Title: Human-in-the-loop validation of a sequential multi-LLM medical education pipeline.
Authors: Nam Y; Department of Radiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea.; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea., An T; Department of Radiology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea., Il Hwang S; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea., Jeon C; Department of Radiology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Jeong JW; Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Jeong J; Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea., Kim DY; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Kim PH; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Kim SY; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Kim S; Department of Radiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea., Kim Y; Department of Radiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea., Lee KH; Centum Breast and Thyroid Clinic, Busan, Republic of Korea., Lee T; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Oh HS; Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Park JH; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Shin S; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea., Sim Y; Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Song JM; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Song S; Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Hong P; Department of Radiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea. honeia11@gmail.com., Kim N; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. namkugkim@gmail.com.; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. namkugkim@gmail.com.
Source: NPJ digital medicine [NPJ Digit Med] 2026 Jul 07. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 07.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101731738 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2398-6352 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23986352 NLM ISO Abbreviation: NPJ Digit Med
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nam+Y%22">Nam Y</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea.; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22An+T%22">An T</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Il+Hwang+S%22">Il Hwang S</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jeon+C%22">Jeon C</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jeong+JW%22">Jeong JW</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jeong+J%22">Jeong J</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Ansan Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kim+DY%22">Kim DY</searchLink>; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kim+PH%22">Kim PH</searchLink>; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kim+SY%22">Kim SY</searchLink>; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kim+S%22">Kim S</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kim+Y%22">Kim Y</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lee+KH%22">Lee KH</searchLink>; Centum Breast and Thyroid Clinic, Busan, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lee+T%22">Lee T</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Oh+HS%22">Oh HS</searchLink>; Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Park+JH%22">Park JH</searchLink>; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shin+S%22">Shin S</searchLink>; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sim+Y%22">Sim Y</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Song+JM%22">Song JM</searchLink>; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Song+S%22">Song S</searchLink>; Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hong+P%22">Hong P</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea. honeia11@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kim+N%22">Kim N</searchLink>; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. namkugkim@gmail.com.; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. namkugkim@gmail.com.
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