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Long-term safety and efficacy of intracortical microstimulation in humans.

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Title: Long-term safety and efficacy of intracortical microstimulation in humans.
Authors: Greenspon CM; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Hobbs TG; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Verbaarschot C; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA., Alamri AH; Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Shelchkova ND; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Lienkämper R; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Ye J; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Simpson TW; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Weiss JM; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Weir DM; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Harrington DE; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Van Driesche A; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Satzer D; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Valle G; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Miller LE; Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA., Hatsopoulos NG; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, IL, USA., Gonzalez-Martinez J; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Warnke PC; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, IL, USA., Downey JE; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Boninger ML; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Collinger JL; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., Gaunt RA; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Source: Science translational medicine [Sci Transl Med] 2026 Jul 15; Vol. 18 (858), pp. eaec3728. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 15.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Clinical Trial
Journal Info: Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101505086 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1946-6242 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19466234 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Transl Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lienkämper+R%22">Lienkämper R</searchLink>; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ye+J%22">Ye J</searchLink>; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Simpson+TW%22">Simpson TW</searchLink>; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Weiss+JM%22">Weiss JM</searchLink>; Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Weir+DM%22">Weir DM</searchLink>; 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Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hatsopoulos+NG%22">Hatsopoulos NG</searchLink>; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, IL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gonzalez-Martinez+J%22">Gonzalez-Martinez J</searchLink>; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Warnke+PC%22">Warnke PC</searchLink>; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, IL, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Downey+JE%22">Downey JE</searchLink>; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; 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