A systematic meta-analytic comparative evaluation of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness from test-negative design studies in the Northern Hemisphere pre/post COVID-19 pandemic.

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Title: A systematic meta-analytic comparative evaluation of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness from test-negative design studies in the Northern Hemisphere pre/post COVID-19 pandemic.
Authors: Okoli GN; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, USA., Sullivan SG; School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, USA., Harper DM; Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, MI, USA., Tsang TK; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China., Cowling BJ; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Electronic address: bcowling@hku.hk.
Source: Vaccine [Vaccine] 2026 Aug 13; Vol. 88, pp. 128956. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 22.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Comparative Study; Systematic Review
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8406899 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-2518 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0264410X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Vaccine Subsets: MEDLINE
Database: MEDLINE Ultimate
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  Data: A systematic meta-analytic comparative evaluation of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness from test-negative design studies in the Northern Hemisphere pre/post COVID-19 pandemic.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Okoli+GN%22">Okoli GN</searchLink>; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sullivan+SG%22">Sullivan SG</searchLink>; School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Harper+DM%22">Harper DM</searchLink>; Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, MI, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tsang+TK%22">Tsang TK</searchLink>; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cowling+BJ%22">Cowling BJ</searchLink>; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Electronic address: bcowling@hku.hk.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%228406899%22">Vaccine</searchLink> [Vaccine] 2026 Aug 13; Vol. 88, pp. 128956. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jul 22.
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  Data: Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Comparative Study; Systematic Review
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Elsevier+Science%22">Elsevier Science </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Netherlands <i>NLM ID: </i>8406899 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1873-2518 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%220264410X%22">0264410X </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Vaccine <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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        Value: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128956
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              Text: 2026 Aug 13
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