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National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants.

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Title: National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants.
Authors: Finucane MM (AUTHOR), Stevens GA (AUTHOR), Cowan MJ (AUTHOR), Danaei G (AUTHOR), Lin JK (AUTHOR), Paciorek CJ (AUTHOR), Singh GM (AUTHOR), Gutierrez HR (AUTHOR), Lu Y (AUTHOR), Bahalim AN (AUTHOR), Farzadfar F (AUTHOR), Riley LM (AUTHOR), Ezzati M (AUTHOR), Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Body Mass Index) (CORPORATE AUTHOR), Finucane, Mariel M (AUTHOR), Stevens, Gretchen A (AUTHOR), Cowan, Melanie J (AUTHOR), Danaei, Goodarz (AUTHOR), Lin, John K (AUTHOR), Paciorek, Christopher J (AUTHOR)
Source: Lancet. 2/12/2011, Vol. 377 Issue 9765, p557-567. 11p.
Subjects: Body mass index, Research funding, Probability theory, Logistic regression analysis, World health, Surveys
Geographic Terms: Congo (Democratic Republic), Africa, Asia
Abstract: Background: Excess bodyweight is a major public health concern. However, few worldwide comparative analyses of long-term trends of body-mass index (BMI) have been done, and none have used recent national health examination surveys. We estimated worldwide trends in population mean BMI.Methods: We estimated trends and their uncertainties of mean BMI for adults 20 years and older in 199 countries and territories. We obtained data from published and unpublished health examination surveys and epidemiological studies (960 country-years and 9·1 million participants). For each sex, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate mean BMI by age, country, and year, accounting for whether a study was nationally representative.Findings: Between 1980 and 2008, mean BMI worldwide increased by 0·4 kg/m(2) per decade (95% uncertainty interval 0·2-0·6, posterior probability of being a true increase >0·999) for men and 0·5 kg/m(2) per decade (0·3-0·7, posterior probability >0·999) for women. National BMI change for women ranged from non-significant decreases in 19 countries to increases of more than 2·0 kg/m(2) per decade (posterior probabilities >0·99) in nine countries in Oceania. Male BMI increased in all but eight countries, by more than 2 kg/m(2) per decade in Nauru and Cook Islands (posterior probabilities >0·999). Male and female BMIs in 2008 were highest in some Oceania countries, reaching 33·9 kg/m(2) (32·8-35·0) for men and 35·0 kg/m(2) (33·6-36·3) for women in Nauru. Female BMI was lowest in Bangladesh (20·5 kg/m(2), 19·8-21·3) and male BMI in Democratic Republic of the Congo 19·9 kg/m(2) (18·2-21·5), with BMI less than 21·5 kg/m(2) for both sexes in a few countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and east, south, and southeast Asia. The USA had the highest BMI of high-income countries. In 2008, an estimated 1·46 billion adults (1·41-1·51 billion) worldwide had BMI of 25 kg/m(2) or greater, of these 205 million men (193-217 million) and 297 million women (280-315 million) were obese.Interpretation: Globally, mean BMI has increased since 1980. The trends since 1980, and mean population BMI in 2008, varied substantially between nations. Interventions and policies that can curb or reverse the increase, and mitigate the health effects of high BMI by targeting its metabolic mediators, are needed in most countries.Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Lancet is the property of Lancet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Finucane+MM%22">Finucane MM</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stevens+GA%22">Stevens GA</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cowan+MJ%22">Cowan MJ</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Danaei+G%22">Danaei G</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin+JK%22">Lin JK</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paciorek+CJ%22">Paciorek CJ</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Singh+GM%22">Singh GM</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gutierrez+HR%22">Gutierrez HR</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lu+Y%22">Lu Y</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bahalim+AN%22">Bahalim AN</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Farzadfar+F%22">Farzadfar F</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Riley+LM%22">Riley LM</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ezzati+M%22">Ezzati M</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Global+Burden+of+Metabolic+Risk+Factors+of+Chronic+Diseases+Collaborating+Group+%28Body+Mass+Index%29%22">Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Body Mass Index)</searchLink> (CORPORATE AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Finucane%2C+Mariel+M%22">Finucane, Mariel M</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stevens%2C+Gretchen+A%22">Stevens, Gretchen A</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cowan%2C+Melanie+J%22">Cowan, Melanie J</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Danaei%2C+Goodarz%22">Danaei, Goodarz</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+John+K%22">Lin, John K</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paciorek%2C+Christopher+J%22">Paciorek, Christopher J</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Lancet%22">Lancet</searchLink>. 2/12/2011, Vol. 377 Issue 9765, p557-567. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Body+mass+index%22">Body mass index</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Probability+theory%22">Probability theory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Logistic+regression+analysis%22">Logistic regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22World+health%22">World health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surveys%22">Surveys</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Congo+%28Democratic+Republic%29%22">Congo (Democratic Republic)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Africa%22">Africa</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Asia%22">Asia</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: <bold>Background: </bold>Excess bodyweight is a major public health concern. However, few worldwide comparative analyses of long-term trends of body-mass index (BMI) have been done, and none have used recent national health examination surveys. We estimated worldwide trends in population mean BMI.<bold>Methods: </bold>We estimated trends and their uncertainties of mean BMI for adults 20 years and older in 199 countries and territories. We obtained data from published and unpublished health examination surveys and epidemiological studies (960 country-years and 9·1 million participants). For each sex, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate mean BMI by age, country, and year, accounting for whether a study was nationally representative.<bold>Findings: </bold>Between 1980 and 2008, mean BMI worldwide increased by 0·4 kg/m(2) per decade (95% uncertainty interval 0·2-0·6, posterior probability of being a true increase >0·999) for men and 0·5 kg/m(2) per decade (0·3-0·7, posterior probability >0·999) for women. National BMI change for women ranged from non-significant decreases in 19 countries to increases of more than 2·0 kg/m(2) per decade (posterior probabilities >0·99) in nine countries in Oceania. Male BMI increased in all but eight countries, by more than 2 kg/m(2) per decade in Nauru and Cook Islands (posterior probabilities >0·999). Male and female BMIs in 2008 were highest in some Oceania countries, reaching 33·9 kg/m(2) (32·8-35·0) for men and 35·0 kg/m(2) (33·6-36·3) for women in Nauru. Female BMI was lowest in Bangladesh (20·5 kg/m(2), 19·8-21·3) and male BMI in Democratic Republic of the Congo 19·9 kg/m(2) (18·2-21·5), with BMI less than 21·5 kg/m(2) for both sexes in a few countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and east, south, and southeast Asia. The USA had the highest BMI of high-income countries. In 2008, an estimated 1·46 billion adults (1·41-1·51 billion) worldwide had BMI of 25 kg/m(2) or greater, of these 205 million men (193-217 million) and 297 million women (280-315 million) were obese.<bold>Interpretation: </bold>Globally, mean BMI has increased since 1980. The trends since 1980, and mean population BMI in 2008, varied substantially between nations. Interventions and policies that can curb or reverse the increase, and mitigate the health effects of high BMI by targeting its metabolic mediators, are needed in most countries.<bold>Funding: </bold>Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Lancet is the property of Lancet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62037-5
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