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Specific effects of ecstasy and other illicit drugs on cognition in poly-substance users.

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Title: Specific effects of ecstasy and other illicit drugs on cognition in poly-substance users.
Authors: Schilt T (AUTHOR), de Win MM (AUTHOR), Jager G (AUTHOR), Koeter MW (AUTHOR), Ramsey NF (AUTHOR), Schmand B (AUTHOR), van den Brink W (AUTHOR)
Source: Psychological Medicine. Sep2008, Vol. 38 Issue 9, p1309-1317. 9p.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: A large number of studies, reviews and meta-analyses have reported cognitive deficits in ecstasy users. However most ecstasy users are polydrug users, and therefore it cannot be excluded that these deficits are (partly) the result of drugs other than ecstasy. The current study, part of the Netherlands XTC Toxicity (NeXT) study, investigates the specific sustained effects of ecstasy relative to amphetamine, cocaine and cannabis on the brain using neuropsychological examination. Method: A stratified sample of 67 subjects with such a variation in type and amount of drug use was included that correlations between the consumption of the various drugs were relatively low allowing stepwise linear multiple regression analyses to differentiate between the effects of ecstasy and those of other substances. Subjects were assessed with neuropsychological tests measuring attention, working memory, verbal and visuospatial memory, and visuospatial ability. RESULTS: Ecstasy use [mean 327 (S.D.=364) tablets in lifetime] had a specific significant dose-related negative effect on verbal delayed recall after adjusting for the use of other drugs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly suggest a specific sustained negative effect of ecstasy use on verbal memory. The clinical relevance is not immediately clear, because test performance generally remained within the normal range. However the magnitude of the effect is substantial (d>0.5) and long-term consequences cannot be excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Psychological Medicine is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Specific effects of ecstasy and other illicit drugs on cognition in poly-substance users.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schilt+T%22">Schilt T</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22de+Win+MM%22">de Win MM</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jager+G%22">Jager G</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Koeter+MW%22">Koeter MW</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramsey+NF%22">Ramsey NF</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schmand+B%22">Schmand B</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22van+den+Brink+W%22">van den Brink W</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Psychological+Medicine%22">Psychological Medicine</searchLink>. Sep2008, Vol. 38 Issue 9, p1309-1317. 9p.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: BACKGROUND: A large number of studies, reviews and meta-analyses have reported cognitive deficits in ecstasy users. However most ecstasy users are polydrug users, and therefore it cannot be excluded that these deficits are (partly) the result of drugs other than ecstasy. The current study, part of the Netherlands XTC Toxicity (NeXT) study, investigates the specific sustained effects of ecstasy relative to amphetamine, cocaine and cannabis on the brain using neuropsychological examination. Method: A stratified sample of 67 subjects with such a variation in type and amount of drug use was included that correlations between the consumption of the various drugs were relatively low allowing stepwise linear multiple regression analyses to differentiate between the effects of ecstasy and those of other substances. Subjects were assessed with neuropsychological tests measuring attention, working memory, verbal and visuospatial memory, and visuospatial ability. RESULTS: Ecstasy use [mean 327 (S.D.=364) tablets in lifetime] had a specific significant dose-related negative effect on verbal delayed recall after adjusting for the use of other drugs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly suggest a specific sustained negative effect of ecstasy use on verbal memory. The clinical relevance is not immediately clear, because test performance generally remained within the normal range. However the magnitude of the effect is substantial (d>0.5) and long-term consequences cannot be excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Psychological Medicine is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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              Text: Sep2008
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