Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States.
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| Title: | Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. |
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| Authors: | Halterman JS (AUTHOR), Kaczorowski JM (AUTHOR), Aligne CA (AUTHOR), Auinger P (AUTHOR), Szilagyi PG (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Pediatrics. Jun2001, Vol. 107 Issue 6, p1381-1386. 6p. |
| Abstract: | CONTEXT: Iron deficiency anemia in infants can cause developmental problems. However, the relationship between iron status and cognitive achievement in older children is less clear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between iron deficiency and cognitive test scores among a nationally representative sample of school-aged children and adolescents. DESIGN: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988-1994 provides cross-sectional data for children 6 to 16 years old and contains measures of iron status including transferrin saturation, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. Children were considered iron-deficient if any 2 of these values were abnormal for age and gender, and standard hemoglobin values were used to detect anemia. Scores from standardized tests were compared for children with normal iron status, iron deficiency without anemia, and iron deficiency with anemia. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of iron status and below average test scores, controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS: Among the 5398 children in the sample, 3% were iron-deficient. The prevalence of iron deficiency was highest among adolescent girls (8.7%). Average math scores were lower for children with iron deficiency with and without anemia, compared with children with normal iron status (86.4 and 87.4 vs 93.7). By logistic regression, children with iron deficiency had greater than twice the risk of scoring below average in math than did children with normal iron status (odds ratio: 2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-4.4). This elevated risk was present even for iron-deficient children without anemia (odds ratio: 2.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-5.2). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated lower standardized math scores among iron-deficient school-aged children and adolescents, including those with iron deficiency without anemia. Screening for iron deficiency without anemia may be warranted for children at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Pediatrics is the property of American Academy of Pediatrics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: pbh DbLabel: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection An: 107066837 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Halterman+JS%22">Halterman JS</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kaczorowski+JM%22">Kaczorowski JM</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aligne+CA%22">Aligne CA</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Auinger+P%22">Auinger P</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Szilagyi+PG%22">Szilagyi PG</searchLink> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Pediatrics%22">Pediatrics</searchLink>. Jun2001, Vol. 107 Issue 6, p1381-1386. 6p. – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: CONTEXT: Iron deficiency anemia in infants can cause developmental problems. However, the relationship between iron status and cognitive achievement in older children is less clear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between iron deficiency and cognitive test scores among a nationally representative sample of school-aged children and adolescents. DESIGN: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988-1994 provides cross-sectional data for children 6 to 16 years old and contains measures of iron status including transferrin saturation, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. Children were considered iron-deficient if any 2 of these values were abnormal for age and gender, and standard hemoglobin values were used to detect anemia. Scores from standardized tests were compared for children with normal iron status, iron deficiency without anemia, and iron deficiency with anemia. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of iron status and below average test scores, controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS: Among the 5398 children in the sample, 3% were iron-deficient. The prevalence of iron deficiency was highest among adolescent girls (8.7%). Average math scores were lower for children with iron deficiency with and without anemia, compared with children with normal iron status (86.4 and 87.4 vs 93.7). By logistic regression, children with iron deficiency had greater than twice the risk of scoring below average in math than did children with normal iron status (odds ratio: 2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-4.4). This elevated risk was present even for iron-deficient children without anemia (odds ratio: 2.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-5.2). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated lower standardized math scores among iron-deficient school-aged children and adolescents, including those with iron deficiency without anemia. Screening for iron deficiency without anemia may be warranted for children at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Pediatrics is the property of American Academy of Pediatrics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1542/peds.107.6.1381 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 6 StartPage: 1381 Titles: – TitleFull: Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Halterman JS – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kaczorowski JM – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Aligne CA – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Auinger P – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Szilagyi PG IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 06 Text: Jun2001 Type: published Y: 2001 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 00314005 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 107 – Type: issue Value: 6 Titles: – TitleFull: Pediatrics Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
