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Episodic foresight and anxiety: Proximate and ultimate perspectives.

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Title: Episodic foresight and anxiety: Proximate and ultimate perspectives.
Authors: Miloyan, Beyon, Bulley, Adam, Suddendorf, Thomas
Source: British Journal of Clinical Psychology. Mar2016, Vol. 55 Issue 1, p4-22. 19p.
Subjects: Post-traumatic stress disorder, Anxiety disorders treatment, Panic disorders, Physiological adaptation, Anxiety, Behavior, Decision making, Biological evolution, Forecasting, Motivation (Psychology), Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Anxiety disorders, Social anxiety, Generalized anxiety disorder, Delay discounting (Psychology), Psychological factors, Psychology
Abstract: Objective In this paper, we examine the relationship between episodic foresight and anxiety from an evolutionary perspective, proposing that together they confer an advantage for modifying present moment decision-making and behaviour in the light of potential future threats to fitness. Methods We review the body of literature on the role of episodic foresight in anxiety, from both proximate and ultimate perspectives. Results We propose that anxious feelings associated with episodic simulation of possible threat-related future events serve to imbue these simulations with motivational currency. Episodic and semantic details of a future threat may be insufficient for motivating its avoidance, but anxiety associated with a simulation can provoke adaptive threat management. As such, we detail how anxiety triggered by a self-generated, threat-related future simulation prepares the individual to manage that threat (in terms of its likelihood and/or consequences) over greater temporal distances than observed in other animals. We then outline how anxiety subtypes may represent specific mechanisms for predicting and managing particular classes of fitness threats. Conclusions This approach offers an inroad for understanding the nature of characteristic future thinking patterns in anxiety disorders and serves to illustrate the adaptive function of the mechanism from which clinical anxiety deviates. Practitioner points Episodic foresight can elicit anxiety even when there are no immediate environmental cues of fitness threats., Anxiety may be a mechanism by which simulations of future events are imbued with motivational currency, to ensure the management of potential future threats to fitness., Subtypes of anxiety disorders may reflect different mechanisms for effectively managing certain potential future threats to fitness., Understanding the utility of episodic foresight in anxiety disorders may lead to new insights into diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of British Journal of Clinical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Episodic foresight and anxiety: Proximate and ultimate perspectives.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Miloyan%2C+Beyon%22">Miloyan, Beyon</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bulley%2C+Adam%22">Bulley, Adam</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Suddendorf%2C+Thomas%22">Suddendorf, Thomas</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22British+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychology%22">British Journal of Clinical Psychology</searchLink>. Mar2016, Vol. 55 Issue 1, p4-22. 19p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Post-traumatic+stress+disorder%22">Post-traumatic stress disorder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety+disorders+treatment%22">Anxiety disorders treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Panic+disorders%22">Panic disorders</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiological+adaptation%22">Physiological adaptation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior%22">Behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Decision+making%22">Decision making</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biological+evolution%22">Biological evolution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Forecasting%22">Forecasting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Motivation+%28Psychology%29%22">Motivation (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Obsessive-compulsive+disorder%22">Obsessive-compulsive disorder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety+disorders%22">Anxiety disorders</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+anxiety%22">Social anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Generalized+anxiety+disorder%22">Generalized anxiety disorder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Delay+discounting+%28Psychology%29%22">Delay discounting (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+factors%22">Psychological factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychology%22">Psychology</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Objective In this paper, we examine the relationship between episodic foresight and anxiety from an evolutionary perspective, proposing that together they confer an advantage for modifying present moment decision-making and behaviour in the light of potential future threats to fitness. Methods We review the body of literature on the role of episodic foresight in anxiety, from both proximate and ultimate perspectives. Results We propose that anxious feelings associated with episodic simulation of possible threat-related future events serve to imbue these simulations with motivational currency. Episodic and semantic details of a future threat may be insufficient for motivating its avoidance, but anxiety associated with a simulation can provoke adaptive threat management. As such, we detail how anxiety triggered by a self-generated, threat-related future simulation prepares the individual to manage that threat (in terms of its likelihood and/or consequences) over greater temporal distances than observed in other animals. We then outline how anxiety subtypes may represent specific mechanisms for predicting and managing particular classes of fitness threats. Conclusions This approach offers an inroad for understanding the nature of characteristic future thinking patterns in anxiety disorders and serves to illustrate the adaptive function of the mechanism from which clinical anxiety deviates. Practitioner points Episodic foresight can elicit anxiety even when there are no immediate environmental cues of fitness threats., Anxiety may be a mechanism by which simulations of future events are imbued with motivational currency, to ensure the management of potential future threats to fitness., Subtypes of anxiety disorders may reflect different mechanisms for effectively managing certain potential future threats to fitness., Understanding the utility of episodic foresight in anxiety disorders may lead to new insights into diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of British Journal of Clinical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/bjc.12080
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
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      – SubjectFull: Post-traumatic stress disorder
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety disorders treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Panic disorders
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      – SubjectFull: Physiological adaptation
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      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Behavior
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Decision making
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      – SubjectFull: Biological evolution
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      – SubjectFull: Forecasting
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      – SubjectFull: Motivation (Psychology)
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      – SubjectFull: Obsessive-compulsive disorder
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety disorders
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      – SubjectFull: Social anxiety
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      – SubjectFull: Generalized anxiety disorder
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      – SubjectFull: Delay discounting (Psychology)
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      – SubjectFull: Psychological factors
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      – SubjectFull: Psychology
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      – TitleFull: Episodic foresight and anxiety: Proximate and ultimate perspectives.
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              Text: Mar2016
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