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Long-term facilitation of expiratory and sympathetic activities following acute intermittent hypoxia in rats.

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Title: Long-term facilitation of expiratory and sympathetic activities following acute intermittent hypoxia in rats.
Authors: Lemes, E. V., Aiko, S., Orbem, C. B., Formentin, C., Bassi, M., Colombari, E., Zoccal, D. B.
Source: Acta Physiologica. Jul2016, Vol. 217 Issue 3, p254-266. 13p.
Subjects: Hypoxemia, Animal models in research, Arterial diseases, Evoked potentials (Electrophysiology), Neurons
Abstract: Aim Acute intermittent hypoxia ( AIH) promotes persistent increases in ventilation and sympathetic activity, referred as long-term facilitation ( LTF). Augmented inspiratory activity is suggested as a major component of respiratory LTF. In this study, we hypothesized that AIH also elicits a sustained increase in expiratory motor activity. We also investigated whether the expiratory LTF contributes to the development of sympathetic LTF after AIH. Methods Rats were exposed to AIH (10 × 6-7% O2 for 45 s, every 5 min), and the cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated during 60 min using in vivo and in situ approaches. Results In unanesthetized conditions ( n = 9), AIH elicited a modest but sustained increase in baseline mean arterial pressure ( MAP, 104 ± 2 vs. 111 ± 3 mmHg, P < 0.05) associated with enhanced sympathetic and respiratory-related variabilities. In the in situ preparations ( n = 9), AIH evoked LTF in phrenic (33 ± 12%), thoracic sympathetic (75 ± 25%) and abdominal nerve activities (69 ± 14%). The sympathetic overactivity after AIH was phase-locked with the emergence of bursts in abdominal activity during the late-expiratory phase. In anesthetized vagus-intact animals, AIH increased baseline MAP (113 ± 3 vs. 122 ± 2 mmHg, P < 0.05) and abdominal muscle activity (535 ± 94%), which were eliminated after pharmacological inhibition of the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group ( RTN/ pFRG). Conclusion These findings indicate that increased expiratory activity is also an important component of AIH-elicited respiratory LTF. Moreover, the development of sympathetic LTF after AIH is linked to the emergence of active expiratory pattern and depends on the integrity of the neurones of the RTN/ pFRG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Acta Physiologica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Long-term facilitation of expiratory and sympathetic activities following acute intermittent hypoxia in rats.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Lemes%2C+E%2E+V%2E%22&quot;&gt;Lemes, E. V.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Aiko%2C+S%2E%22&quot;&gt;Aiko, S.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Orbem%2C+C%2E+B%2E%22&quot;&gt;Orbem, C. B.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Formentin%2C+C%2E%22&quot;&gt;Formentin, C.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Bassi%2C+M%2E%22&quot;&gt;Bassi, M.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Colombari%2C+E%2E%22&quot;&gt;Colombari, E.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Zoccal%2C+D%2E+B%2E%22&quot;&gt;Zoccal, D. B.&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Acta+Physiologica%22&quot;&gt;Acta Physiologica&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Jul2016, Vol. 217 Issue 3, p254-266. 13p.
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  Data: Aim Acute intermittent hypoxia ( AIH) promotes persistent increases in ventilation and sympathetic activity, referred as long-term facilitation ( LTF). Augmented inspiratory activity is suggested as a major component of respiratory LTF. In this study, we hypothesized that AIH also elicits a sustained increase in expiratory motor activity. We also investigated whether the expiratory LTF contributes to the development of sympathetic LTF after AIH. Methods Rats were exposed to AIH (10 &#215; 6-7% O2 for 45 s, every 5 min), and the cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated during 60 min using in vivo and in situ approaches. Results In unanesthetized conditions ( n = 9), AIH elicited a modest but sustained increase in baseline mean arterial pressure ( MAP, 104 &#177; 2 vs. 111 &#177; 3 mmHg, P &lt; 0.05) associated with enhanced sympathetic and respiratory-related variabilities. In the in situ preparations ( n = 9), AIH evoked LTF in phrenic (33 &#177; 12%), thoracic sympathetic (75 &#177; 25%) and abdominal nerve activities (69 &#177; 14%). The sympathetic overactivity after AIH was phase-locked with the emergence of bursts in abdominal activity during the late-expiratory phase. In anesthetized vagus-intact animals, AIH increased baseline MAP (113 &#177; 3 vs. 122 &#177; 2 mmHg, P &lt; 0.05) and abdominal muscle activity (535 &#177; 94%), which were eliminated after pharmacological inhibition of the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group ( RTN/ pFRG). Conclusion These findings indicate that increased expiratory activity is also an important component of AIH-elicited respiratory LTF. Moreover, the development of sympathetic LTF after AIH is linked to the emergence of active expiratory pattern and depends on the integrity of the neurones of the RTN/ pFRG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Acta Physiologica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/apha.12661
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animal models in research
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      – SubjectFull: Arterial diseases
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              Text: Jul2016
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