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Visual working memory and number sense: Testing the double deficit hypothesis in mathematics.

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Title: Visual working memory and number sense: Testing the double deficit hypothesis in mathematics.
Authors: Toll, Sylke W. M., Kroesbergen, Evelyn H., Van Luit, Johannes E. H.
Source: British Journal of Educational Psychology. Sep2016, Vol. 86 Issue 3, p429-445. 17p. 5 Charts.
Subjects: Visual memory, Flashbacks (Memory), Visual perception, Mathematics, Higher education
Abstract: Background Evidence exists that there are two main underlying cognitive factors in mathematical difficulties: working memory and number sense. It is suggested that real math difficulties appear when both working memory and number sense are weak, here referred to as the double deficit ( DD) hypothesis. Aims The aim of this study was to test the DD hypothesis within a longitudinal time span of 2 years. Sample A total of 670 children participated. The mean age was 4.96 years at the start of the study and 7.02 years at the end of the study. Methods At the end of the first year of kindergarten, both visual-spatial working memory and number sense were measured by two different tasks. At the end of first grade, mathematical performance was measured with two tasks, one for math facts and one for math problems. Results Multiple regressions revealed that both visual working memory and symbolic number sense are predictors of mathematical performance in first grade. Symbolic number sense appears to be the strongest predictor for both math areas (math facts and math problems). Non-symbolic number sense only predicts performance in math problems. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that a combination of visual working memory and number sense deficits ( NSDs) leads to the lowest performance on mathematics. Conclusions Our DD hypothesis was confirmed. Both visual working memory and symbolic number sense in kindergarten are related to mathematical performance 2 years later, and a combination of visual working memory and NSDs leads to low performance in mathematical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of British Journal of Educational Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Visual working memory and number sense: Testing the double deficit hypothesis in mathematics.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Toll%2C+Sylke+W%2E+M%2E%22">Toll, Sylke W. M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kroesbergen%2C+Evelyn+H%2E%22">Kroesbergen, Evelyn H.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Van+Luit%2C+Johannes+E%2E+H%2E%22">Van Luit, Johannes E. H.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22British+Journal+of+Educational+Psychology%22">British Journal of Educational Psychology</searchLink>. Sep2016, Vol. 86 Issue 3, p429-445. 17p. 5 Charts.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Visual+memory%22">Visual memory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flashbacks+%28Memory%29%22">Flashbacks (Memory)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Visual+perception%22">Visual perception</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematics%22">Mathematics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Higher+education%22">Higher education</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Background Evidence exists that there are two main underlying cognitive factors in mathematical difficulties: working memory and number sense. It is suggested that real math difficulties appear when both working memory and number sense are weak, here referred to as the double deficit ( DD) hypothesis. Aims The aim of this study was to test the DD hypothesis within a longitudinal time span of 2 years. Sample A total of 670 children participated. The mean age was 4.96 years at the start of the study and 7.02 years at the end of the study. Methods At the end of the first year of kindergarten, both visual-spatial working memory and number sense were measured by two different tasks. At the end of first grade, mathematical performance was measured with two tasks, one for math facts and one for math problems. Results Multiple regressions revealed that both visual working memory and symbolic number sense are predictors of mathematical performance in first grade. Symbolic number sense appears to be the strongest predictor for both math areas (math facts and math problems). Non-symbolic number sense only predicts performance in math problems. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that a combination of visual working memory and number sense deficits ( NSDs) leads to the lowest performance on mathematics. Conclusions Our DD hypothesis was confirmed. Both visual working memory and symbolic number sense in kindergarten are related to mathematical performance 2 years later, and a combination of visual working memory and NSDs leads to low performance in mathematical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of British Journal of Educational Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/bjep.12116
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              Text: Sep2016
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