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Is khat use disorder a valid diagnostic entity?

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Title: Is khat use disorder a valid diagnostic entity?
Authors: Duresso, Samson W., Matthews, Allison J., Ferguson, Stuart G., Bruno, Raimondo
Source: Addiction. Sep2016, Vol. 111 Issue 9, p1666-1676. 11p. 4 Charts.
Subjects: Khat, Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Book), Substance abuse, Substance abuse treatment, Central nervous system, Plant extracts, Physiology, Substance abuse diagnosis, Academic achievement, Confidence intervals, Factor analysis, Health services accessibility, Help-seeking behavior, Classification of mental disorders, Probability theory, Quality of life, Questionnaires, Psychological stress, Judgment sampling, Psychosocial factors, Cross-sectional method, Data analysis software, Descriptive statistics, Odds ratio
Geographic Terms: Ethiopia
Abstract: Aims This study aimed to validate the presence of a khat use disorder syndrome using DSM-5 criteria and to examine its relationship with increased experience of harms. Design Cross-sectional, purposive sample of current khat-chewers, recruited from khat markets and cafes. Setting Participants were recruited from the general community and from Adama Science and Technology University in Ethiopia. Participants A total of 400 current khat consumers aged 16 and above were recruited between September 2014 and January 2015 Measures Survey comprising current clinical symptoms (using a modified Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV), and validated measures of health, psychological distress, quality of life and academic functioning. Findings A third [35.5%95% confidence interval (CI) = 31.0-40.3] of respondents reported daily khat use and a quarter (25.4% 95% CI = 21.4-30.0) using three times or more per week. Using DSM-5 criteria, 10.5% (95% CI = 7.9-13.9) were categorized as experiencing mild, 8.8% (95% CI = 6.4-12.0) moderate and 54.5% (95% CI = 49.6-59.3) severe khat use disorder. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit of symptoms to a single underlying construct, consistent with other substance use disorders. Individuals categorized as experiencing khat use disorder demonstrated significantly greater frequency [odds ratio (OR) = 45.29; 95% CI = 10.97-19.01) and quantity of khat use (OR = 2.35; 95%CI = 1.29-4.29). They also demonstrated increased financial problems associated with use, greater problems with academic functioning and higher rates of self-reported mental health problems, higher psychological distress and poorer quality of life. Treatment accesswas poor, with only one-third (32.9%) of individuals with khat use disorder reporting life-time access, near-exclusively related to help-seeking from friends and relatives. Conclusion The construct of a substance use disorder syndrome for khat using DSM-5 criteria appears valid and performs in a manner consistent with other substances of dependence. Individuals with khat use disorder experience substantial problems in association with khat use. Despite this, there are low levels of help-seeking for these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Is khat use disorder a valid diagnostic entity?
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Duresso%2C+Samson+W%2E%22">Duresso, Samson W.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Matthews%2C+Allison+J%2E%22">Matthews, Allison J.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ferguson%2C+Stuart+G%2E%22">Ferguson, Stuart G.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bruno%2C+Raimondo%22">Bruno, Raimondo</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Addiction%22">Addiction</searchLink>. Sep2016, Vol. 111 Issue 9, p1666-1676. 11p. 4 Charts.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethiopia%22">Ethiopia</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aims This study aimed to validate the presence of a khat use disorder syndrome using DSM-5 criteria and to examine its relationship with increased experience of harms. Design Cross-sectional, purposive sample of current khat-chewers, recruited from khat markets and cafes. Setting Participants were recruited from the general community and from Adama Science and Technology University in Ethiopia. Participants A total of 400 current khat consumers aged 16 and above were recruited between September 2014 and January 2015 Measures Survey comprising current clinical symptoms (using a modified Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV), and validated measures of health, psychological distress, quality of life and academic functioning. Findings A third [35.5%95% confidence interval (CI) = 31.0-40.3] of respondents reported daily khat use and a quarter (25.4% 95% CI = 21.4-30.0) using three times or more per week. Using DSM-5 criteria, 10.5% (95% CI = 7.9-13.9) were categorized as experiencing mild, 8.8% (95% CI = 6.4-12.0) moderate and 54.5% (95% CI = 49.6-59.3) severe khat use disorder. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit of symptoms to a single underlying construct, consistent with other substance use disorders. Individuals categorized as experiencing khat use disorder demonstrated significantly greater frequency [odds ratio (OR) = 45.29; 95% CI = 10.97-19.01) and quantity of khat use (OR = 2.35; 95%CI = 1.29-4.29). They also demonstrated increased financial problems associated with use, greater problems with academic functioning and higher rates of self-reported mental health problems, higher psychological distress and poorer quality of life. Treatment accesswas poor, with only one-third (32.9%) of individuals with khat use disorder reporting life-time access, near-exclusively related to help-seeking from friends and relatives. Conclusion The construct of a substance use disorder syndrome for khat using DSM-5 criteria appears valid and performs in a manner consistent with other substances of dependence. Individuals with khat use disorder experience substantial problems in association with khat use. Despite this, there are low levels of help-seeking for these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=pbh&AN=118089334
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/add.13421
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 11
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      – SubjectFull: Khat
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Book)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Substance abuse
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Substance abuse treatment
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      – SubjectFull: Central nervous system
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      – SubjectFull: Plant extracts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Substance abuse diagnosis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Academic achievement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Factor analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Health services accessibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Help-seeking behavior
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      – SubjectFull: Classification of mental disorders
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      – SubjectFull: Probability theory
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Odds ratio
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      – SubjectFull: Ethiopia
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      – TitleFull: Is khat use disorder a valid diagnostic entity?
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              Text: Sep2016
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