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How does state marijuana policy affect US youth? Medical marijuana laws, marijuana use and perceived harmfulness: 1991-2014.

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Title: How does state marijuana policy affect US youth? Medical marijuana laws, marijuana use and perceived harmfulness: 1991-2014.
Authors: Keyes, Katherine M., Wall, Melanie, Cerdá, Magdalena, Schulenberg, John, O'Malley, Patrick M., Galea, Sandro, Feng, Tianshu, Hasin, Deborah S.
Source: Addiction. Dec2016, Vol. 111 Issue 12, p2187-2195. 9p. 3 Charts, 1 Graph.
Subjects: Cannabis (Genus), Drug control, Medical marijuana laws, Confidence intervals, High school students, Probability theory, Regression analysis, Research funding, Student attitudes, Cross-sectional method, Data analysis software, Descriptive statistics, Odds ratio
Geographic Terms: United States
Abstract: Aims To test, among US students: (1) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana has changed over time, (2) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana changed post-passage of state medical marijuana laws (MML) compared with pre-passage; and (3) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana statistically mediates and/or modifies the relation between MML and marijuana use as a function of grade level. Design Cross-sectional nationally representative surveys of US students, conducted annually, 1991-2014, in the Monitoring the Future study. Setting Surveys conducted in schools in all coterminous states; 21 states passed MML between 1996 and 2014. Participants The sample included 1 134 734 adolescents in 8th, 10th and 12th grades. Measurements State passage of MML; perceived harmfulness of marijuana use (perceiving great or moderate risk to health from smoking marijuana occasionally versus slight or no risk); and marijuana use (prior 30 days). Data were analyzed using time-varying multi-level regression modeling. Findings The perceived harmfulness of marijuana has decreased significantly since 1991 (from an estimated 84.0% in 1991 to 53.8% in 2014, P < 0.01) and, across time, perceived harmfulness was lower in states that passed MML [odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.97]. In states with MML, perceived harmfulness of marijuana increased among 8th graders after MML passage (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08-1.36), while marijuana use decreased (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72-0.92). Results were null for other grades, and for all grades combined. Increases in perceived harmfulness among 8th graders after MML passage was associated with ~33% of the decrease in use. When adolescents were stratified by perceived harmfulness, use in 8th graders decreased to a greater extent among those who perceived marijuana as harmful. Conclusions While perceived harmfulness of marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the United States, the passage of medical marijuana laws (MML) is associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents and marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Addiction%22&quot;&gt;Addiction&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Dec2016, Vol. 111 Issue 12, p2187-2195. 9p. 3 Charts, 1 Graph.
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  Data: Aims To test, among US students: (1) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana has changed over time, (2) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana changed post-passage of state medical marijuana laws (MML) compared with pre-passage; and (3) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana statistically mediates and/or modifies the relation between MML and marijuana use as a function of grade level. Design Cross-sectional nationally representative surveys of US students, conducted annually, 1991-2014, in the Monitoring the Future study. Setting Surveys conducted in schools in all coterminous states; 21 states passed MML between 1996 and 2014. Participants The sample included 1 134 734 adolescents in 8th, 10th and 12th grades. Measurements State passage of MML; perceived harmfulness of marijuana use (perceiving great or moderate risk to health from smoking marijuana occasionally versus slight or no risk); and marijuana use (prior 30 days). Data were analyzed using time-varying multi-level regression modeling. Findings The perceived harmfulness of marijuana has decreased significantly since 1991 (from an estimated 84.0% in 1991 to 53.8% in 2014, P &lt; 0.01) and, across time, perceived harmfulness was lower in states that passed MML [odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.97]. In states with MML, perceived harmfulness of marijuana increased among 8th graders after MML passage (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08-1.36), while marijuana use decreased (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72-0.92). Results were null for other grades, and for all grades combined. Increases in perceived harmfulness among 8th graders after MML passage was associated with ~33% of the decrease in use. When adolescents were stratified by perceived harmfulness, use in 8th graders decreased to a greater extent among those who perceived marijuana as harmful. Conclusions While perceived harmfulness of marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the United States, the passage of medical marijuana laws (MML) is associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents and marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/add.13523
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
        StartPage: 2187
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Cannabis (Genus)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drug control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical marijuana laws
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High school students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Probability theory
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Regression analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student attitudes
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      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Odds ratio
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      – SubjectFull: United States
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: How does state marijuana policy affect US youth? Medical marijuana laws, marijuana use and perceived harmfulness: 1991-2014.
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              M: 12
              Text: Dec2016
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