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Mesenchymal stem cells maintain the microenvironment of central nervous system by regulating the polarization of macrophages/microglia after traumatic brain injury.

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Title: Mesenchymal stem cells maintain the microenvironment of central nervous system by regulating the polarization of macrophages/microglia after traumatic brain injury.
Authors: Xu, Chao (AUTHOR), Fu, Feng (AUTHOR), Li, Xiaohong (AUTHOR), Zhang, Sai (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Neuroscience. Dec2017, Vol. 127 Issue 12, p1124-1135. 12p.
Subjects: Mesenchymal stem cells, Brain injury treatment, Central nervous system physiology, Macrophages, Microglia, Central nervous system infections, Apoptosis, Physiology, Disease risk factors, Therapeutics
Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are regarded as promising candidates for cell replacement therapies, are able to regulate immune responses after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Secondary immune response following the mechanical injury is the essential factor leading to the necrosis and apoptosis of neural cells during and after the cerebral edema has subsided and there is lack of efficient agent that can mitigate such neuroinflammation in the clinical application. By means of three molecular pathways (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor-necrosis-factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG-6), and progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR)), MSCs induce the activation of macrophages/microglia and drive them polarize into the M2 phenotypes, which inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes tissue repair and nerve regeneration. The regulation of MSCs and the polarization of macrophages/microglia are dynamically changing based on the inflammatory environment. Under the stimulation of platelet lysate (PL), MSCs also promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, the statue of macrophages/microglia exerts significant effects on the survival, proliferation, differentiation and activation of MSCs by changing the niche of cells. They form positive feedback loops in maintaining the homeostasis after TBI to relieving the secondary injury and promoting tissue repair. MSC therapies have obtained great achievements in several central nervous system disease clinical trials, which will accelerate the application of MSCs in TBI treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
Copyright of International Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Mesenchymal stem cells maintain the microenvironment of central nervous system by regulating the polarization of macrophages/microglia after traumatic brain injury.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Chao%22">Xu, Chao</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fu%2C+Feng%22">Fu, Feng</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Xiaohong%22">Li, Xiaohong</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Sai%22">Zhang, Sai</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Neuroscience%22">International Journal of Neuroscience</searchLink>. Dec2017, Vol. 127 Issue 12, p1124-1135. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mesenchymal+stem+cells%22">Mesenchymal stem cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+injury+treatment%22">Brain injury treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Central+nervous+system+physiology%22">Central nervous system physiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Macrophages%22">Macrophages</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microglia%22">Microglia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Central+nervous+system+infections%22">Central nervous system infections</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Apoptosis%22">Apoptosis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiology%22">Physiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disease+risk+factors%22">Disease risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Therapeutics%22">Therapeutics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are regarded as promising candidates for cell replacement therapies, are able to regulate immune responses after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Secondary immune response following the mechanical injury is the essential factor leading to the necrosis and apoptosis of neural cells during and after the cerebral edema has subsided and there is lack of efficient agent that can mitigate such neuroinflammation in the clinical application. By means of three molecular pathways (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor-necrosis-factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG-6), and progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR)), MSCs induce the activation of macrophages/microglia and drive them polarize into the M2 phenotypes, which inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes tissue repair and nerve regeneration. The regulation of MSCs and the polarization of macrophages/microglia are dynamically changing based on the inflammatory environment. Under the stimulation of platelet lysate (PL), MSCs also promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, the statue of macrophages/microglia exerts significant effects on the survival, proliferation, differentiation and activation of MSCs by changing the niche of cells. They form positive feedback loops in maintaining the homeostasis after TBI to relieving the secondary injury and promoting tissue repair. MSC therapies have obtained great achievements in several central nervous system disease clinical trials, which will accelerate the application of MSCs in TBI treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Neuroscience is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1325884
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 1124
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Mesenchymal stem cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Brain injury treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Central nervous system physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Macrophages
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      – SubjectFull: Microglia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Central nervous system infections
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Apoptosis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Disease risk factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Therapeutics
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Mesenchymal stem cells maintain the microenvironment of central nervous system by regulating the polarization of macrophages/microglia after traumatic brain injury.
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            NameFull: Xu, Chao
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            NameFull: Fu, Feng
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            NameFull: Li, Xiaohong
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            NameFull: Zhang, Sai
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              Text: Dec2017
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              Y: 2017
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