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Hot and cold executive functions in youth with psychotic symptoms.

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Title: Hot and cold executive functions in youth with psychotic symptoms.
Authors: MacKenzie, L. E., Patterson, V. C., Zwicker, A., Drobinin, V., Fisher, H. L., Abidi, S., Greve, A. N., Bagnell, A., Propper, L., Alda, M., Pavlova, B., Uher, R.
Source: Psychological Medicine. Dec2017, Vol. 47 Issue 16, p2844-2853. 10p.
Subjects: Cognition, Confidence intervals, Decision making, Psychoses, Executive function, Odds ratio, Psychological factors, Adults
Abstract: BackgroundPsychotic symptoms are common in children and adolescents and may be early manifestations of liability to severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia. SMI and psychotic symptoms are associated with impairment in executive functions. However, previous studies have not differentiated between ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ executive functions. We hypothesized that the propensity for psychotic symptoms is specifically associated with impairment in ‘hot’ executive functions, such as decision-making in the context of uncertain rewards and losses.MethodsIn a cohort of 156 youth (mean age 12.5, range 7–24 years) enriched for familial risk of SMI, we measured cold and hot executive functions with the spatial working memory (SWM) task (total errors) and the Cambridge Gambling Task (decision-making), respectively. We assessed psychotic symptoms using the semi-structured Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia interview, Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, Funny Feelings, and Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument – Child and Youth version.ResultsIn total 69 (44.23%) youth reported psychotic symptoms on one or more assessments. Cold executive functioning, indexed with SWM errors, was not significantly related to psychotic symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–2.17, p = 0.204). Poor hot executive functioning, indexed as decision-making score, was associated with psychotic symptoms after adjustment for age, sex and familial clustering (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.25–4.50, p = 0.008). The association between worse hot executive functions and psychotic symptoms remained significant in sensitivity analyses controlling for general cognitive ability and cold executive functions.ConclusionsImpaired hot executive functions may be an indicator of risk and a target for pre-emptive early interventions in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
Copyright of Psychological Medicine is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Hot and cold executive functions in youth with psychotic symptoms.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22MacKenzie%2C+L%2E+E%2E%22">MacKenzie, L. E.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Patterson%2C+V%2E+C%2E%22">Patterson, V. C.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zwicker%2C+A%2E%22">Zwicker, A.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Drobinin%2C+V%2E%22">Drobinin, V.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fisher%2C+H%2E+L%2E%22">Fisher, H. L.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abidi%2C+S%2E%22">Abidi, S.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Greve%2C+A%2E+N%2E%22">Greve, A. N.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bagnell%2C+A%2E%22">Bagnell, A.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Propper%2C+L%2E%22">Propper, L.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alda%2C+M%2E%22">Alda, M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pavlova%2C+B%2E%22">Pavlova, B.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Uher%2C+R%2E%22">Uher, R.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Psychological+Medicine%22">Psychological Medicine</searchLink>. Dec2017, Vol. 47 Issue 16, p2844-2853. 10p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognition%22">Cognition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Decision+making%22">Decision making</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychoses%22">Psychoses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Executive+function%22">Executive function</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Odds+ratio%22">Odds ratio</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+factors%22">Psychological factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adults%22">Adults</searchLink>
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  Data: BackgroundPsychotic symptoms are common in children and adolescents and may be early manifestations of liability to severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia. SMI and psychotic symptoms are associated with impairment in executive functions. However, previous studies have not differentiated between ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ executive functions. We hypothesized that the propensity for psychotic symptoms is specifically associated with impairment in ‘hot’ executive functions, such as decision-making in the context of uncertain rewards and losses.MethodsIn a cohort of 156 youth (mean age 12.5, range 7–24 years) enriched for familial risk of SMI, we measured cold and hot executive functions with the spatial working memory (SWM) task (total errors) and the Cambridge Gambling Task (decision-making), respectively. We assessed psychotic symptoms using the semi-structured Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia interview, Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, Funny Feelings, and Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument – Child and Youth version.ResultsIn total 69 (44.23%) youth reported psychotic symptoms on one or more assessments. Cold executive functioning, indexed with SWM errors, was not significantly related to psychotic symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–2.17, p = 0.204). Poor hot executive functioning, indexed as decision-making score, was associated with psychotic symptoms after adjustment for age, sex and familial clustering (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.25–4.50, p = 0.008). The association between worse hot executive functions and psychotic symptoms remained significant in sensitivity analyses controlling for general cognitive ability and cold executive functions.ConclusionsImpaired hot executive functions may be an indicator of risk and a target for pre-emptive early interventions in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Psychological Medicine is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1017/S0033291717001374
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        Text: English
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