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The impact of buprenorphine and methadone on mortality: a primary care cohort study in the United Kingdom.

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Title: The impact of buprenorphine and methadone on mortality: a primary care cohort study in the United Kingdom.
Authors: Hickman, Matthew, Steer, Colin, Tilling, Kate, Lim, Aaron G., Marsden, John, Millar, Tim, Strang, John, Telfer, Maggie, Vickerman, Peter, Macleod, John
Source: Addiction. Aug2018, Vol. 113 Issue 8, p1461-1476. 16p. 1 Diagram, 3 Charts, 3 Graphs.
Subjects: Buprenorphine, Methadone treatment programs, Mortality, Primary care, Prevention of drug addiction, Censorship, Confidence intervals, Causes of death, Drug addiction, Medical care, Medical practice, Narcotics, Patient compliance, Patients, Primary health care, Probability theory, Regression analysis, Time, Disease incidence, Treatment duration
Geographic Terms: United Kingdom
Abstract: Abstract: Aims: To estimate whether opioid substitution treatment (OST) with buprenorphine or methadone is associated with a greater reduction in the risk of all‐cause mortality (ACM) and opioid drug‐related poisoning (DRP) mortality. Design: Cohort study with linkage between clinical records from Clinical Practice Research Datalink and mortality register. Setting: UK primary care. Participants: A total of 11 033 opioid‐dependent patients who received OST from 1998 to 2014, followed‐up for 30 410 person‐years. Measurements: Exposure to methadone (17 373, 61%) OST episodes or buprenorphine (9173, 39%) OST episodes. ACM was available for all patients; information on cause of death and DRP was available for 5935 patients (54%) followed‐up for 16 363 person‐years. Poisson regression modelled mortality by treatment period with an interaction between OST type and treatment period (first 4 weeks on OST, rest of time off OST, first 4 weeks off OST, rest of time out of OST censored at 12 months) to test whether ACM or DRP differed between methadone and buprenorphine. Inverse probability weights were included to adjust for confounding and balance characteristics of patients prescribed methadone or buprenorphine. Findings: ACM and DRP rates were 1.93 and 0.53 per 100 person‐years, respectively. DRP was elevated during the first 4 weeks of OST [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.93 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97–3.82], the first 4 weeks off OST (IRR = 8.15, 95% CI = 5.45–12.19) and the rest of time out of OST (IRR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.47–3.09) compared with mortality risk from 4 weeks to end of treatment. Patients on buprenorphine compared with methadone had lower ACM rates in each treatment period. After adjustment, there was evidence of a lower DRP risk for patients on buprenorphine compared with methadone at treatment initiation (IRR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01–0.48) and rest of time on treatment (IRR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.17–0.79). Treatment duration (mean and median) was shorter on buprenorphine than methadone (173 and 40 versus 363 and 111, respectively). Model estimates suggest that there was a low probability that methadone or buprenorphine reduced the number of DRP in the population: 28 and 21%, respectively. Conclusions: In UK general medical practice, opioid substitution treatment with buprenorphine is associated with a lower risk of all‐cause and drug‐related poisoning mortality than methadone. In the population, buprenorphine is unlikely to give greater overall protection because of the relatively shorter duration of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The impact of buprenorphine and methadone on mortality: a primary care cohort study in the United Kingdom.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Addiction%22">Addiction</searchLink>. Aug2018, Vol. 113 Issue 8, p1461-1476. 16p. 1 Diagram, 3 Charts, 3 Graphs.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22United+Kingdom%22">United Kingdom</searchLink>
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  Data: Abstract: Aims: To estimate whether opioid substitution treatment (OST) with buprenorphine or methadone is associated with a greater reduction in the risk of all‐cause mortality (ACM) and opioid drug‐related poisoning (DRP) mortality. Design: Cohort study with linkage between clinical records from Clinical Practice Research Datalink and mortality register. Setting: UK primary care. Participants: A total of 11 033 opioid‐dependent patients who received OST from 1998 to 2014, followed‐up for 30 410 person‐years. Measurements: Exposure to methadone (17 373, 61%) OST episodes or buprenorphine (9173, 39%) OST episodes. ACM was available for all patients; information on cause of death and DRP was available for 5935 patients (54%) followed‐up for 16 363 person‐years. Poisson regression modelled mortality by treatment period with an interaction between OST type and treatment period (first 4 weeks on OST, rest of time off OST, first 4 weeks off OST, rest of time out of OST censored at 12 months) to test whether ACM or DRP differed between methadone and buprenorphine. Inverse probability weights were included to adjust for confounding and balance characteristics of patients prescribed methadone or buprenorphine. Findings: ACM and DRP rates were 1.93 and 0.53 per 100 person‐years, respectively. DRP was elevated during the first 4 weeks of OST [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.93 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97–3.82], the first 4 weeks off OST (IRR = 8.15, 95% CI = 5.45–12.19) and the rest of time out of OST (IRR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.47–3.09) compared with mortality risk from 4 weeks to end of treatment. Patients on buprenorphine compared with methadone had lower ACM rates in each treatment period. After adjustment, there was evidence of a lower DRP risk for patients on buprenorphine compared with methadone at treatment initiation (IRR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01–0.48) and rest of time on treatment (IRR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.17–0.79). Treatment duration (mean and median) was shorter on buprenorphine than methadone (173 and 40 versus 363 and 111, respectively). Model estimates suggest that there was a low probability that methadone or buprenorphine reduced the number of DRP in the population: 28 and 21%, respectively. Conclusions: In UK general medical practice, opioid substitution treatment with buprenorphine is associated with a lower risk of all‐cause and drug‐related poisoning mortality than methadone. In the population, buprenorphine is unlikely to give greater overall protection because of the relatively shorter duration of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Addiction is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/add.14188
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Buprenorphine
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Methadone treatment programs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mortality
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      – SubjectFull: Primary care
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      – SubjectFull: Prevention of drug addiction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Censorship
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      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
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      – SubjectFull: Causes of death
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      – SubjectFull: Drug addiction
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