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Using Variable Dwell Time to Accelerate Gaze-Based Web Browsing with Two-Step Selection.

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Title: Using Variable Dwell Time to Accelerate Gaze-Based Web Browsing with Two-Step Selection.
Authors: Chen, Zhaokang, Shi, Bertram E.
Source: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. 2019, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p240-255. 16p. 1 Color Photograph, 1 Diagram, 8 Charts, 13 Graphs.
Subjects: User interfaces, Web browsing, Command languages (Computer science), Hyperlinks, Error rates, Probability theory, Heuristic
Abstract: In order to avoid the "Midas Touch" problem, gaze-based interfaces for selection often introduce a dwell time: a fixed amount of time the user must fixate upon an object before it is selected. Past interfaces have used a uniform dwell time across all objects. Here, we propose a gaze-based browser using a two-step selection policy with variable dwell time. In the first step, a command (e.g., "back" or "select") is chosen from a menu using a dwell time that is constant across the different commands. In the second step, if the "select" command is chosen, the user selects a hyperlink using a dwell time that varies between different hyperlinks. We assign shorter dwell times to more likely hyperlinks and longer dwell times to less likely hyperlinks. In order to infer the likelihood each hyperlink will be selected, we have developed a probabilistic model of natural gaze behavior while surfing the web. We have evaluated a number of heuristic and probabilistic methods for varying the dwell times using both simulation and experiment. Our results demonstrate that varying dwell time improves the user experience in comparison with fixed dwell time, resulting in fewer errors and increased speed. While all of the methods for varying dwell time resulted in improved performance, the probabilistic models yielded much greater gains than the simple heuristics. The best performing model reduces error rate by 50% compared to 100ms uniform dwell time while maintaining a similar response time. It reduces response time by 60% compared to 300ms uniform dwell time while maintaining a similar error rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Using Variable Dwell Time to Accelerate Gaze-Based Web Browsing with Two-Step Selection.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Zhaokang%22">Chen, Zhaokang</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shi%2C+Bertram+E%2E%22">Shi, Bertram E.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Interaction%22">International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction</searchLink>. 2019, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p240-255. 16p. 1 Color Photograph, 1 Diagram, 8 Charts, 13 Graphs.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22User+interfaces%22">User interfaces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Web+browsing%22">Web browsing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Command+languages+%28Computer+science%29%22">Command languages (Computer science)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hyperlinks%22">Hyperlinks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Error+rates%22">Error rates</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Probability+theory%22">Probability theory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heuristic%22">Heuristic</searchLink>
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  Data: In order to avoid the "Midas Touch" problem, gaze-based interfaces for selection often introduce a dwell time: a fixed amount of time the user must fixate upon an object before it is selected. Past interfaces have used a uniform dwell time across all objects. Here, we propose a gaze-based browser using a two-step selection policy with variable dwell time. In the first step, a command (e.g., "back" or "select") is chosen from a menu using a dwell time that is constant across the different commands. In the second step, if the "select" command is chosen, the user selects a hyperlink using a dwell time that varies between different hyperlinks. We assign shorter dwell times to more likely hyperlinks and longer dwell times to less likely hyperlinks. In order to infer the likelihood each hyperlink will be selected, we have developed a probabilistic model of natural gaze behavior while surfing the web. We have evaluated a number of heuristic and probabilistic methods for varying the dwell times using both simulation and experiment. Our results demonstrate that varying dwell time improves the user experience in comparison with fixed dwell time, resulting in fewer errors and increased speed. While all of the methods for varying dwell time resulted in improved performance, the probabilistic models yielded much greater gains than the simple heuristics. The best performing model reduces error rate by 50% compared to 100ms uniform dwell time while maintaining a similar response time. It reduces response time by 60% compared to 300ms uniform dwell time while maintaining a similar error rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/10447318.2018.1452351
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 240
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      – SubjectFull: User interfaces
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Web browsing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Command languages (Computer science)
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      – SubjectFull: Hyperlinks
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      – SubjectFull: Error rates
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      – SubjectFull: Probability theory
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heuristic
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            NameFull: Chen, Zhaokang
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              Text: 2019
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
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