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Evaluating federated voluntary associations' membership data: An application of Benford's Law.

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Title: Evaluating federated voluntary associations' membership data: An application of Benford's Law.
Authors: Chamberlain, Adam (AUTHOR), Yanus, Alixandra B. (AUTHOR)
Source: Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell). Jul2021, Vol. 102 Issue 4, p1590-1601. 12p. 2 Charts.
Subjects: Membership in associations, institutions, etc., Civil society, Twentieth century, Test methods, Fraud, Conformity
Abstract: Objective: Large, federated voluntary associations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries produced detailed reports of national meetings that included comprehensive data on state‐level membership. Though used in previous scholarship, the veracity of these data has never been evaluated. Methods: We test 16 associations' state‐level membership data, generally between 1880 and 1920, using Benford's Law, a mathematical principle used to discern whether data are potentially problematic—through error, fraud, or other reasons—and require further investigation. Results: Our initial analyses reveal that these data deviate statistically from Benford's predictions. Further investigation, however, finds that these differences are not substantively significant; an aggregate measure of all associations shows close conformity to the Newcomb–Benford distribution. Conclusion: The data presented in voluntary associations' annual reports are likely trustworthy. These findings have important implications for future use of these data, other association data, and the role of associations in promoting civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Evaluating federated voluntary associations' membership data: An application of Benford's Law.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chamberlain%2C+Adam%22">Chamberlain, Adam</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yanus%2C+Alixandra+B%2E%22">Yanus, Alixandra B.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Social+Science+Quarterly+%28Wiley-Blackwell%29%22">Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell)</searchLink>. Jul2021, Vol. 102 Issue 4, p1590-1601. 12p. 2 Charts.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Membership+in+associations%2C+institutions%2C+etc%2E%22">Membership in associations, institutions, etc.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Civil+society%22">Civil society</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Twentieth+century%22">Twentieth century</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Test+methods%22">Test methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fraud%22">Fraud</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Conformity%22">Conformity</searchLink>
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  Data: Objective: Large, federated voluntary associations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries produced detailed reports of national meetings that included comprehensive data on state‐level membership. Though used in previous scholarship, the veracity of these data has never been evaluated. Methods: We test 16 associations' state‐level membership data, generally between 1880 and 1920, using Benford's Law, a mathematical principle used to discern whether data are potentially problematic—through error, fraud, or other reasons—and require further investigation. Results: Our initial analyses reveal that these data deviate statistically from Benford's predictions. Further investigation, however, finds that these differences are not substantively significant; an aggregate measure of all associations shows close conformity to the Newcomb–Benford distribution. Conclusion: The data presented in voluntary associations' annual reports are likely trustworthy. These findings have important implications for future use of these data, other association data, and the role of associations in promoting civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 1590
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      – SubjectFull: Membership in associations, institutions, etc.
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Civil society
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      – SubjectFull: Twentieth century
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      – SubjectFull: Test methods
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      – SubjectFull: Fraud
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      – SubjectFull: Conformity
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              Text: Jul2021
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