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Optimising curve fitting techniques to look for standardisation of the analysis of defocus curves derived from multifocal intraocular lenses.

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Title: Optimising curve fitting techniques to look for standardisation of the analysis of defocus curves derived from multifocal intraocular lenses.
Authors: Law, Elizabeth M (AUTHOR), Buckhurst, Hetal D (AUTHOR), Aggarwal, Rajesh K (AUTHOR), El‐Kasaby, Hosam (AUTHOR), Marsden, Jonathan (AUTHOR), Shum, Gary L (AUTHOR), Buckhurst, Phillip J (AUTHOR)
Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. Jul2022, Vol. 42 Issue 4, p887-896. 10p. 1 Diagram, 4 Charts, 4 Graphs.
Subjects: Least squares, Intraocular lenses, Akaike information criterion, Curve fitting, Inspection & review
Abstract: Introduction: To establish the most appropriate curve fitting method to allow accurate comparison of defocus curves derived from intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods: Defocus curves were plotted in five IOL groups (monofocal, extended depth of focus, refractive bifocal, diffractive bifocal and trifocal). Polynomial curves from 2nd to 11th order and cubic splines were fitted. Goodness of fit (GOF) was assessed using five methods: least squares, coefficient of determination (R2adj), Akaike information criteria (AIC), visual inspection and Snedecor and Cochran. Additional defocus steps at −2.25 D and −2.75 D were measured and compared to the calculated visual acuity (VA) values. Area under the defocus curve and range of focus were also compared. Results: Goodness of fit demonstrated variable results, with more lenient methods such as R2adj leading to overfitting and conservative methods such as AIC resulting in underfitting. Furthermore, conservative methods diminished the inflection points resulting in an underestimation of VA. Polynomial of at least 8th order was required for comparison of area methods, but overfitted the EDoF and monofocal groups; the spline curve was consistent for all IOLs and methods. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the inherent difficulty of selecting a single polynomial function. The R2 method can be used cautiously along with visual inspection to guard against overfitting. Spline curves are suitable for all IOLs, guarding against the issues of overfitting. Therefore, for analysis of the defocus profile of IOLs, the fitting of a spline curves is advocated and should be used wherever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Optimising curve fitting techniques to look for standardisation of the analysis of defocus curves derived from multifocal intraocular lenses.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Law%2C+Elizabeth+M%22">Law, Elizabeth M</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Buckhurst%2C+Hetal+D%22">Buckhurst, Hetal D</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aggarwal%2C+Rajesh+K%22">Aggarwal, Rajesh K</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22El‐Kasaby%2C+Hosam%22">El‐Kasaby, Hosam</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marsden%2C+Jonathan%22">Marsden, Jonathan</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shum%2C+Gary+L%22">Shum, Gary L</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Buckhurst%2C+Phillip+J%22">Buckhurst, Phillip J</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ophthalmic+%26+Physiological+Optics%22">Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics</searchLink>. Jul2022, Vol. 42 Issue 4, p887-896. 10p. 1 Diagram, 4 Charts, 4 Graphs.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Least+squares%22">Least squares</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intraocular+lenses%22">Intraocular lenses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Akaike+information+criterion%22">Akaike information criterion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Curve+fitting%22">Curve fitting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inspection+%26+review%22">Inspection & review</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Introduction: To establish the most appropriate curve fitting method to allow accurate comparison of defocus curves derived from intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods: Defocus curves were plotted in five IOL groups (monofocal, extended depth of focus, refractive bifocal, diffractive bifocal and trifocal). Polynomial curves from 2nd to 11th order and cubic splines were fitted. Goodness of fit (GOF) was assessed using five methods: least squares, coefficient of determination (R2adj), Akaike information criteria (AIC), visual inspection and Snedecor and Cochran. Additional defocus steps at −2.25 D and −2.75 D were measured and compared to the calculated visual acuity (VA) values. Area under the defocus curve and range of focus were also compared. Results: Goodness of fit demonstrated variable results, with more lenient methods such as R2adj leading to overfitting and conservative methods such as AIC resulting in underfitting. Furthermore, conservative methods diminished the inflection points resulting in an underestimation of VA. Polynomial of at least 8th order was required for comparison of area methods, but overfitted the EDoF and monofocal groups; the spline curve was consistent for all IOLs and methods. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the inherent difficulty of selecting a single polynomial function. The R2 method can be used cautiously along with visual inspection to guard against overfitting. Spline curves are suitable for all IOLs, guarding against the issues of overfitting. Therefore, for analysis of the defocus profile of IOLs, the fitting of a spline curves is advocated and should be used wherever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/opo.12986
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
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      – SubjectFull: Akaike information criterion
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      – SubjectFull: Curve fitting
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              M: 07
              Text: Jul2022
              Type: published
              Y: 2022
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