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Kratom use as more than a "self-treatment".

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Title: Kratom use as more than a "self-treatment".
Authors: Smith, Kirsten E. (AUTHOR), Dunn, Kelly E. (AUTHOR), Rogers, Jeffrey M. (AUTHOR), Grundmann, Oliver (AUTHOR), McCurdy, Christopher R. (AUTHOR), Garcia-Romeu, Albert (AUTHOR), Schriefer, Destiny (AUTHOR), Swogger, Marc T. (AUTHOR), Epstein, David H. (AUTHOR)
Source: American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse. 2022, Vol. 48 Issue 6, p684-694. 11p.
Subjects: Kratom, Nicotine, Buprenorphine, Social stigma, Opioids
Geographic Terms: United States
Abstract: Background:Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) is increasingly used in the United States for its pharmacological effects. Kratom's relative novelty makes for a dynamic situation, such that use motivations are not firmly established and may be changing. Investigators and clinicians require frequent updates on kratom trends. Objectives: To assess the current state of kratom-use initiation, sourcing, motivations, preference, conceptualizations, and perceived stigma, using survey responses from current and former users. Methods: Between April-May 2021 we recontacted 289 respondents who reported lifetime kratom use (on an unrelated survey) to answer kratom-specific questions. Results: The sample (N=129) was majority female (51.9%) and white (71.9%). Most (69.0%) reported first trying kratom after 2015. Mean age of use initiation (29.9 years) was older than for other substances, including opioids. Kratom ranked as a preferred substance by 48.5%. The strongest drug association with past-year kratom use was vaped nicotine (OR=3.31,95% CI 1.23-8.88). Use was less likely among those prescribed buprenorphine in the past year (OR=0.03, CI 0.01-0.28). Past-month cannabis use (OR=4.18,CI 1.80-9.72) had the strongest association with past-month kratom use. Over 40 use motivations were endorsed, many (but not all) supporting the "self-treatment" narrative of kratom use, including use as an opioid, alcohol, or stimulant substitute. Treatment shortfalls were associated with decisions to try kratom. Conclusions: Kratom use motivations are diversifying, with multiple factors driving use. As sales continue to increase, the public-health, clinical, and policy responses to kratom should be grounded in rigorous bench-to-bedside scientific research. Comprehensive study of kratom is currently lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Kratom use as more than a "self-treatment".
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smith%2C+Kirsten+E%2E%22">Smith, Kirsten E.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dunn%2C+Kelly+E%2E%22">Dunn, Kelly E.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rogers%2C+Jeffrey+M%2E%22">Rogers, Jeffrey M.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Grundmann%2C+Oliver%22">Grundmann, Oliver</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McCurdy%2C+Christopher+R%2E%22">McCurdy, Christopher R.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Garcia-Romeu%2C+Albert%22">Garcia-Romeu, Albert</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schriefer%2C+Destiny%22">Schriefer, Destiny</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Swogger%2C+Marc+T%2E%22">Swogger, Marc T.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Epstein%2C+David+H%2E%22">Epstein, David H.</searchLink> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22American+Journal+of+Drug+%26+Alcohol+Abuse%22">American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse</searchLink>. 2022, Vol. 48 Issue 6, p684-694. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kratom%22">Kratom</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nicotine%22">Nicotine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Buprenorphine%22">Buprenorphine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+stigma%22">Social stigma</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Opioids%22">Opioids</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22United+States%22">United States</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Background:Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) is increasingly used in the United States for its pharmacological effects. Kratom's relative novelty makes for a dynamic situation, such that use motivations are not firmly established and may be changing. Investigators and clinicians require frequent updates on kratom trends. Objectives: To assess the current state of kratom-use initiation, sourcing, motivations, preference, conceptualizations, and perceived stigma, using survey responses from current and former users. Methods: Between April-May 2021 we recontacted 289 respondents who reported lifetime kratom use (on an unrelated survey) to answer kratom-specific questions. Results: The sample (N=129) was majority female (51.9%) and white (71.9%). Most (69.0%) reported first trying kratom after 2015. Mean age of use initiation (29.9 years) was older than for other substances, including opioids. Kratom ranked as a preferred substance by 48.5%. The strongest drug association with past-year kratom use was vaped nicotine (OR=3.31,95% CI 1.23-8.88). Use was less likely among those prescribed buprenorphine in the past year (OR=0.03, CI 0.01-0.28). Past-month cannabis use (OR=4.18,CI 1.80-9.72) had the strongest association with past-month kratom use. Over 40 use motivations were endorsed, many (but not all) supporting the "self-treatment" narrative of kratom use, including use as an opioid, alcohol, or stimulant substitute. Treatment shortfalls were associated with decisions to try kratom. Conclusions: Kratom use motivations are diversifying, with multiple factors driving use. As sales continue to increase, the public-health, clinical, and policy responses to kratom should be grounded in rigorous bench-to-bedside scientific research. Comprehensive study of kratom is currently lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2083967
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        Type: general
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