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Paradoxical decrease of imitation performance with age in children.

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Title: Paradoxical decrease of imitation performance with age in children.
Authors: Ottoboni, Giovanni, Toraldo, Alessio, Proietti, Riccardo, Cangelosi, Angelo, Tessari, Alessia
Source: British Journal of Psychology. Aug2023, Vol. 114 Issue 3, p678-709. 32p. 1 Color Photograph, 6 Charts, 10 Graphs.
Subjects: Memory, Statistics, Cognition in children, Age distribution, Child development, Cross-sectional method, Imitative behavior, Human anatomical models, Regression analysis, Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, Elementary schools, Statistical sampling, Statistical models, Data analysis, Video recording, Children
Geographic Terms: Italy
Abstract: Imitation development was studied in a cross‐sectional design involving 174 primary‐school children (aged 6–10), focusing on the effect of actions' complexity and error analysis to infer the underlying cognitive processes. Participants had to imitate the model's actions as if they were in front of a mirror ('specularly'). Complexity varied across three levels: movements of a single limb; arm and leg of the same body side; or arm and leg of opposite body sides. While the overall error rate decreased with age, this was not true of all error categories. The rate of 'side' errors (using a limb of the wrong body side) paradoxically increased with age (from 9 years). However, with increasing age, the error rate also became less sensitive to the complexity of the action. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that older children have the working memory (WM) resources and the body knowledge necessary to imitate 'anatomically', which leads to additional side errors. Younger children might be paradoxically free from such interference because their WM and/or body knowledge are insufficient for anatomical imitation. Yet, their limited WM resources would prevent them from successfully managing the conflict between spatial codes involved in complex actions (e.g. moving the left arm and the right leg). We also found evidence that action side and content might be stored in separate short‐term memory (STM) systems: increasing the number of sides to be encoded only affected side retrieval, but not content retrieval; symmetrically, increasing the content (number of movements) of the action only affected content retrieval, but not side retrieval. In conclusion, results suggest that anatomical imitation might interfere with specular imitation at age 9 and that STM storages for side and content of actions are separate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of British Journal of Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: Paradoxical decrease of imitation performance with age in children.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ottoboni%2C+Giovanni%22">Ottoboni, Giovanni</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Toraldo%2C+Alessio%22">Toraldo, Alessio</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Proietti%2C+Riccardo%22">Proietti, Riccardo</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cangelosi%2C+Angelo%22">Cangelosi, Angelo</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tessari%2C+Alessia%22">Tessari, Alessia</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22British+Journal+of+Psychology%22">British Journal of Psychology</searchLink>. Aug2023, Vol. 114 Issue 3, p678-709. 32p. 1 Color Photograph, 6 Charts, 10 Graphs.
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  Data: Imitation development was studied in a cross‐sectional design involving 174 primary‐school children (aged 6–10), focusing on the effect of actions' complexity and error analysis to infer the underlying cognitive processes. Participants had to imitate the model's actions as if they were in front of a mirror ('specularly'). Complexity varied across three levels: movements of a single limb; arm and leg of the same body side; or arm and leg of opposite body sides. While the overall error rate decreased with age, this was not true of all error categories. The rate of 'side' errors (using a limb of the wrong body side) paradoxically increased with age (from 9 years). However, with increasing age, the error rate also became less sensitive to the complexity of the action. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that older children have the working memory (WM) resources and the body knowledge necessary to imitate 'anatomically', which leads to additional side errors. Younger children might be paradoxically free from such interference because their WM and/or body knowledge are insufficient for anatomical imitation. Yet, their limited WM resources would prevent them from successfully managing the conflict between spatial codes involved in complex actions (e.g. moving the left arm and the right leg). We also found evidence that action side and content might be stored in separate short‐term memory (STM) systems: increasing the number of sides to be encoded only affected side retrieval, but not content retrieval; symmetrically, increasing the content (number of movements) of the action only affected content retrieval, but not side retrieval. In conclusion, results suggest that anatomical imitation might interfere with specular imitation at age 9 and that STM storages for side and content of actions are separate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of British Journal of Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=pbh&AN=164879263
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/bjop.12644
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 32
        StartPage: 678
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Memory
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cognition in children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Age distribution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Imitative behavior
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Human anatomical models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Regression analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chi-squared test
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary schools
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      – SubjectFull: Statistical sampling
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      – SubjectFull: Statistical models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Video recording
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Italy
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Paradoxical decrease of imitation performance with age in children.
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            NameFull: Ottoboni, Giovanni
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            NameFull: Toraldo, Alessio
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            NameFull: Proietti, Riccardo
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            NameFull: Cangelosi, Angelo
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            NameFull: Tessari, Alessia
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              Text: Aug2023
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
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