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The effects of menstrual cycle phases on immune function and inflammation at rest and after acute exercise: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.

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Title: The effects of menstrual cycle phases on immune function and inflammation at rest and after acute exercise: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Authors: Notbohm, H. L. (AUTHOR), Moser, F. (AUTHOR), Goh, J. (AUTHOR), Feuerbacher, J. F. (AUTHOR), Bloch, W. (AUTHOR), Schumann, M. (AUTHOR)
Source: Acta Physiologica. Aug2023, Vol. 238 Issue 4, p1-31. 31p. 2 Diagrams, 10 Charts, 8 Graphs.
Subjects: Menstrual cycle, Luteal phase, Natural immunity, Cell adhesion molecules, Leukocyte count, Immune system
Abstract: The immune system plays an important role in mediating exercise responses and adaptations. However, whether fluctuating hormone concentrations across the menstrual cycle may impact these processes remains unknown. The aim of this systematic review with meta‐analysis was to compare baseline concentrations as well as exercise‐induced changes in immune and inflammatory parameters between menstrual cycle phases. A systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines using Pubmed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Of the 159 studies included in the qualitative synthesis, 110 studies were used for meta‐analysis. Due to the designs of the included studies, only the follicular and luteal phase could be compared. The estimated standardized mean differences based on the random‐effects model revealed higher numbers of leukocytes (−0.48 [−0.73; −0.23], p < 0.001), monocytes (−0.73 [−1.37; −0.10], p = 0.023), granulocytes (−0.85 [−0.1.48; −0.21], p = 0.009), neutrophils (−0.32 [−0.52; −0.12], p = 0.001), and leptin concentrations (−0.37 [−0.5; −0.23], p = 0.003) in the luteal compared to the follicular phase at rest. Other parameters (adaptive immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules) showed no systematic baseline differences. Seventeen studies investigated the exercise‐induced response of these parameters, providing some indications for a higher pro‐inflammatory response in the luteal phase. In conclusion, parameters of innate immunity showed cycle‐dependent regulation at rest, while little is known on the exercise responses. Due to a large heterogeneity and a lack of cycle phase standardization among the included studies, future research should focus on comparing at least three distinct hormonal profiles to derive more specific recommendations for exercise prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Acta Physiologica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
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  Data: The effects of menstrual cycle phases on immune function and inflammation at rest and after acute exercise: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Notbohm%2C+H%2E+L%2E%22&quot;&gt;Notbohm, H. L.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Moser%2C+F%2E%22&quot;&gt;Moser, F.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Goh%2C+J%2E%22&quot;&gt;Goh, J.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Feuerbacher%2C+J%2E+F%2E%22&quot;&gt;Feuerbacher, J. F.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Bloch%2C+W%2E%22&quot;&gt;Bloch, W.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Schumann%2C+M%2E%22&quot;&gt;Schumann, M.&lt;/searchLink&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Acta+Physiologica%22&quot;&gt;Acta Physiologica&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Aug2023, Vol. 238 Issue 4, p1-31. 31p. 2 Diagrams, 10 Charts, 8 Graphs.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Menstrual+cycle%22&quot;&gt;Menstrual cycle&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Luteal+phase%22&quot;&gt;Luteal phase&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Natural+immunity%22&quot;&gt;Natural immunity&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Cell+adhesion+molecules%22&quot;&gt;Cell adhesion molecules&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Leukocyte+count%22&quot;&gt;Leukocyte count&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Immune+system%22&quot;&gt;Immune system&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The immune system plays an important role in mediating exercise responses and adaptations. However, whether fluctuating hormone concentrations across the menstrual cycle may impact these processes remains unknown. The aim of this systematic review with meta‐analysis was to compare baseline concentrations as well as exercise‐induced changes in immune and inflammatory parameters between menstrual cycle phases. A systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines using Pubmed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Of the 159 studies included in the qualitative synthesis, 110 studies were used for meta‐analysis. Due to the designs of the included studies, only the follicular and luteal phase could be compared. The estimated standardized mean differences based on the random‐effects model revealed higher numbers of leukocytes (−0.48 [−0.73; −0.23], p &lt; 0.001), monocytes (−0.73 [−1.37; −0.10], p = 0.023), granulocytes (−0.85 [−0.1.48; −0.21], p = 0.009), neutrophils (−0.32 [−0.52; −0.12], p = 0.001), and leptin concentrations (−0.37 [−0.5; −0.23], p = 0.003) in the luteal compared to the follicular phase at rest. Other parameters (adaptive immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules) showed no systematic baseline differences. Seventeen studies investigated the exercise‐induced response of these parameters, providing some indications for a higher pro‐inflammatory response in the luteal phase. In conclusion, parameters of innate immunity showed cycle‐dependent regulation at rest, while little is known on the exercise responses. Due to a large heterogeneity and a lack of cycle phase standardization among the included studies, future research should focus on comparing at least three distinct hormonal profiles to derive more specific recommendations for exercise prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Acta Physiologica is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/apha.14013
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 31
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Menstrual cycle
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Luteal phase
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Natural immunity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cell adhesion molecules
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Leukocyte count
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      – SubjectFull: Immune system
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The effects of menstrual cycle phases on immune function and inflammation at rest and after acute exercise: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.
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              Text: Aug2023
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              Y: 2023
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